===== A ===== [[Abies balsamea]]- Fir Balsam, Has a fresh citrus piney like flavor profile. \\ [[Abies spectabilis]]- Bhutan Fir, used in Chinese medicine \\ [[Abies sibirica]]- Siberian Fir, Used widely in perfumery and as a flavoring in colas. \\ [[Acacia]]- Wattle, The seeds of any of the 120+ species are roasted to produce a spice that is described as chocolate, hazelnut, and coffee like \\ [[Acacia coriacea]]- Desert oak, giant wattle nut, described as being roasted coffee like with strong pork like notes. ((https://www.herbies.com.au/shop/herbs-and-spices/spices/desert-oak-roasted-whole-30g/))\\ [[Acacia murrayana]]- Colony wattle, A secondary cultivated source of Wattle \\ [[Acacia victoriae]]- the main commercial source of Wattle \\ [[Achillea ageratum]]- Sweet Yarrow, English Mace. Historically used in gruit (spices for bittering beer) and in fumigants to remove pest insects. \\ [[Achillea millefolium]]- Yarrow. \\ [[Acmella oleracea]]- Toothache plant, electric daisy, Contains a compound much like prickly ash ((I need to sort out all the listings on this website! https://www.pullupyourplants.com/archive/electricdaisy)) \\ [[Acorus calamus]]- Calamus root, hotdog like flavor seldom used as spice \\ [[Acronychia acidula]]- Lemon Aspen, the small fruits are sour and lemon flavored. \\ [[Acronychia oblongifolia]]- similar to the lemon aspen but with a more orange like flavor. \\ [[Aframomum citratum]]- Mbongo \\ [[Aframomum corrorima]]- Korarima, Ethiopian Cardamom \\ [[Aframomum danielli]]- Cameroon Pepper, Grains of Peace, Alligator pepper ((https://www.terreexotique.com/grains-of-peace.html)) \\ Aframomum citratum, or Aframomum exscapum are all also called Alligator pepper. \\ [[Aframomum melegueta]]- Grains of paradise, Alligator pepper \\ [[Aframomum subsericeum]]- Ataiko, Rohojie, compared to Aframomum corrorima with a green cardamom like flavor profile. \\ [[Aframomum zambesiacum]]- Nangawo \\ [[Agastache cana]]- Citronella Hyssop, \\ [[Agastache foeniculum]]- Anise Hyssop, \\ [[Agastache mexicana]]- Lemon Scented Hyssop, Mexican Giant Hyssop, \\ [[Agastache rugosa]]- Korean Mint, Banga, has a complex set of essential oils. \\ [[Agastache rupestris]]- Licorice Mint \\ [[Agastache scrophulariifolia]]- Aromatic Hyssop \\ [[Agathosma betulina]]- Buchu, a South Afrian herb described as minty and black current like \\ [[Agathosma crenulata]]- Buchu, also from South Africa and used for the same purposes. \\ [[Agathosma gonaquensis]]- Gonaqua Buchu \\ [[Agathosma serratifolia]]- Longleaf Buchu, Camphor buchu \\ [[Allium]]- This genus has a huge amount species that have interesting culinary values. \\ [[Allium ascalonicum]]- Shallot \\ [[Allium cepa]]- Onions \\ [[Allium sativum]]- Garlic \\ [[Allium schoenoprasum]]- Chive \\ [[Allium ursinum]]- Ransons, Bear garlic \\ [[Allium wallachii]]- Jimbu \\ [[Alnus alnobetula subsp. fruticosa]]- Alnus viridus, Green Alder Pepper, catkins have a bitter peppery aroma and taste ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/green-alder-pepper)) \\ [[Lippia citrodora|Aloysia citrodora]]- Lemon Verbena, also called Lippia citrodora. \\ [[Aloysia polystachya]]- Burrio \\ [[Aloysia virgata]]- Almond verbena \\ [[Aloysia wrightii]]- mint verbena, Wrights beebush, oreganillo \\ [[Alpinia caerulea]]- Australian native ginger, fruits are used as a souring agent, and roots and stems as a mild ginger like spice \\ [[Alpinia galanga]]- Greater Galangal, mostly the root is used but the seed pods called Hong Dou Kou (紅豆蔻), or red cardamom are also used. ((https://tcmwiki.com/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E8%B1%86%E8%94%BB)) \\ [[Alpinia katsumadai]]- Violet cardamom, called Cao Dou Kou (草豆蔻) and Xiao Cao Kou (大草蔻) ((https://1stchineseherbs.com/a/alpinia-katsumadai-seed/)) ((https://tcmwiki.com/wiki/semen-alpiniae-katsumadai)) ((https://tcmwiki.com/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E8%B1%86%E8%94%BB))\\ [[Alpinia nigra]]- All parts eaten((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinia_nigra)) \\ [[Alpinia officinarum]]- Lesser Galangal \\ [[Alpinia oxyphylla]]-Sharpleaf galangal, bitter galangal, Yi Zhi Ren(益智仁) seed pods used. ((https://tcmwiki.com/wiki/sharpleaf-galangal-fruit)) \\ [[Alpinia zerumbet]]- Shell ginger, leaves are used to wrap dumplings, rhizomes and the fruits called Xiao Cao Kou (大草蔻) are used. ((https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/109799#touses)) ((https://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?channelid=1288&lang=en&searchword=herb_id=D01350))\\ [[Amomum compactum]]- Round Cardamom, seeds used as a spice in java, young shoots used as a culinary herb as well. ((https://www.rarepalmseeds.com/amomum-compactum)) \\ [[Amomum costatum]]- or Amomum tsao-ko, is Chinese black cardamom. Called Tsaoko, Cao Guo (草果). \\ [[Amomum glabrum]] 无毛砂仁 ((http://www.fpcn.net/m/view.php?aid=8609)) \\ [[Amomum kravanh]]- White cardamom, common in Thai cooking. Called Bai Dou Kou (白豆蔻). \\ [[Amomum longiligulare]]- called Mo Sha Ren 毛砂仁 ((https://tcmwiki.com/wiki/%E7%A0%82%E4%BB%81))\\ [[Amomum maximum]]- Java Cardamom, a species native to Java, young flowers eaten, seeds have comparable properties to other black cardamoms.((https://www.rarepalmseeds.com/amomum-maximum))((https://www.tradewindsfruit.com/amomum-maximum-java-cardamom-seeds))\\ [[Amomum sabulatum]]- Indian black cardamom\\ [[Amomum testaceum]]- maybe another kind of white cardamom? \\ [[Amomum villosum]]- 香砂仁, this species has woolly pods, not ridged pods. A better name might simply be sha ren (砂仁) as 春砂仁 is used for [[Wurfbainia villosa]] which has ridged pods.((https://line.17qq.com/article/mhghssnky.html)) ((https://www.drugs.com/npp/sha-ren.html))\\ [[Amomum xanthioides]] (Amomum villosum xanthioides) called 壳砂仁\\ [[Andrographis paniculata]]- Green Chiretta, Creat, used to flavor alcohol in Cambodia ((https://www.tradewindsfruit.com/andrographis-paniculata-andrographis-seeds)) \\ [[Angelica acutiloba]]- dāngguī 东洋, Toki, \\ [[Angelica archangelica]]- described as musky, floral, and vegetal. contains cyclopentadecanolide unique natural musk. Main species intended when something is called Angelica or Angelica root. ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/wild-angelica-seeds)) \\ [[Angelica atropurpurea]]- Purple angelica, American Alexanders, masterwort, stems were burnt along with tobacco for smoking \\ [[Angelica dahurica]]- bai zhi 白芷, \\ [[Angelica gigas]]- Dangquai, Korean angelica, seems to be primarily used in medicine \\ [[Angelica glauca]]- Chippe, Gandhrain, Commonly used for its essential oil. The roots are used as a spice and it is used to flavor liqueur.\\ [[Angelica keiskei]]- Ashitaba, all parts are widely used in japan as a flavoring agent and vegetable. \\ [[Anthoxanthum odoratum]]- Vanilla Grass, Sweet Vernal Grass, this species produces [[coumarin]] and benzoic acid when the leaves are dried. \\ [[Anthoxanthum nitens]]- Vanilla Grass, Sweet Grass, also called Hierochloe odorata, contains [[coumarin]]. \\ [[Apium graveolens]]- Celery \\ [[Apium insulare]] Flinders Island Celery \\ [[Apium prostratum]] Sea Celery \\ [[Aponogeton distachyos]]- Waterblommetjie, Cape pondweed, The flowers are used as a floral scented flavoring agent and vegetable. ((https://taste.co.za/glossary/waterblommetjies/))\\ [[Arachis glabrata]]- Foragers peanut \\ [[Arachis hypogaea]]- Peanut \\ [[Arachis monticola]]- wild peanut \\ [[Arachis villosulicarpa]]- Perennial peanut \\ [[Aralia californica]]- Elk Clover, California Spikenard, used to produce herbal flavors \\ [[Aralia cordata]]- Japanese Spikenard, used as a vegetable and for its unusual flavored resin. \\ [[Aralia elata]]- Japanese Angelica Tree, used in a similar manner to Aralia cordata \\ [[Aralia nudicaulis]]- False Sarsaparilla, Wild Sarsaparilla, a temperate growing used for flavoring that is described as similar to Smilax species. \\ [[Araucaria angustifolia]]- Araucaria nuts \\ [[Araucaria araucana]]- Araucaria nuts \\ [[Araucaria bidwillii]]- Bunya nuts, the nuts of this conifer are aged and eaten, having a complex blue cheese like scent and flavor. \\ [[Areca catechu]]- Areca nut, betel nut, \\ [[Armoracia rusticana]]- Horseradish \\ [[Artemisia]]- this genus has a huge amount of herbs that are used for mostly bitter herbal flavoring, seemingly all species are aromatic. \\ [[Artemisia absinthium]]- Woodworm \\ [[Artemisia annua]]- Sweet woodworm \\ [[Artemisia abrotanum]]- Southernwood \\ [[Artemisia dracunculus]]- Tarragon \\ [[Artemisia ludoviciana]]- White Sagebrush, distillations of this plant are used in some gin and amaro recipes \\ [[Artemisia papposa]]- Owyhee [[Artemisia pontica]]- Little wormwood, is the primary flavoring of Absinthe. \\ [[Artemisia princeps]]- Japanese mugwort, used to make a strong green coloration in pasteries, it also imparts an herbal flavor. \\ [[Artemisia verlotiorum]]- Chinese mugwort \\ [[Artemisia vulgaris]]- Mugwort \\ [[Asarum canadense]]- Canadian wild ginger, all members of Asarum contain some aristolochic acid, which is toxic, making consuming them controversial. \\ [[Asarum caudatum]]- Western wild ginger, historically consumed by the native people of Oregonas a spice. \\ [[Asarum europaeum]]- Hazelwort, asarabacca, European wild ginger, a controversially edible rhizome. \\ [[Asarum hartwegii]]- Hartweg's wild ginger, grown in California for its ginger like scent. \\ [[Asarum maximum]]- Described as hiving the distinct scent of mushrooms \\ [[Asarum splendens]]- Chinese wild ginger \\ ===== B ===== [[Backhousia angustifolia]]- Curry myrtle \\ [[Backhousia citriodora]]- Lemon myrtle, an Australian spice that has a strong lemon flavor, comparable to lemon verbena. \\ [[Backhousia leptopetala]]- Turpentine myrtle \\ [[Backhousia myrtifolia]]- Cinnamon myrtle \\ [[Ballota nigra]]- Black horehound, for white horehound see [[Marrubium vulgare]] \\ [[Bassia prostrata]]- Kochia \\ [[Bassia scoparia]]- Tonburi, the seeds are used to make a caviar like dish which is compared to the flavor of capers. \\ [[Beilschmiedia mannii]]- Tola, Spicy Cedar, the leaves are soaked in water to flavor it for beverages. ((https://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/laurel.html)) \\ [[Berberis darwinii]]- Michay \\ [[Berberis microphylla]]- Calafate \\ [[Berberis vulgaris]]- Barberry. \\ [[Betula lenta]]- Sweet Birch, Cherry Birch, Spice Birch, Bark is used as a wintergreen like spice, sap is used to make a sugar syrup. \\ [[Betula nigra]]- Black Birch, River Birch, leaves and bark used for essential oil content \\ [[Biancaea sappan]]- Sappan wood, Asian redwood, the heartwood from this tree is used largely in Chinese medicine but is also used as a spice ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biancaea_sappan)) \\ [[Bixa orellana]]- Annatto, Achiote \\ [[Boesenbergia pandurata]]- Likely a synonym for fingerroot. \\ [[Boesenbergia rotunda]]- Krachai, fingerroot, a deeply herbal and medicinal tasting member of the ginger family, used in Thai cooing. \\ [[Boronia citrata]]- Lemon Boronia \\ [[Boronia citriodora]]- Lemon Scented Boronia \\ [[Boronia crenulata]]- Aniseed Boronia \\ [[Boronia megastigma]]- Scented Boronia, a flower essence is made with a flavor similar to violets or orris. \\ [[Boronia safrolifera]]- Sassafras Boronia. \\ [[Boronia serrulata]]- Rose Boronia [[Brassica nigra]]- Black mustard seeds, one of the two main species used to make commercial mustard pastes. \\ [[Buchanania lanzan]]- Chironji, Charoli, wild almond, the seeds have an almond flavor and are used in a similar manner to almond seeds. \\ [[Bunium bulbocastanum]]- Black cumin, seems to be native closer to Europe then B. persicum. \\ [[Bunium persicum]]- Black cumin, Kara Jeera or Shah Jeera, also called [[Elwendia persica]], an extreamly underappreciated spice similar to cumin and caraway. \\ ===== C ===== [[Cardamoms]]- Essay on the complexity of the various genera of cardamoms (Aframomum, Alpinia, Amomum,and Elettaria) \\ [[Calluna vulgaris ]]- Heather, brewing herb, described as lavender like, bitter and complex minty \\ [[Calycanthus floridus]]- Carolina Spicebush, Sweetshrub \\ [[Calycanthus occidentalis]]- California Spicebush ((https://calscape.org/Calycanthus-occidentalis-(Spice-Bush))) \\ [[Canarium album]]- Chinese white olive \\ [[Canarium luzonicum]]- Elemi, a complex oil that smells of fruit and turpentine\\ [[Canarium muelleri]]- Mangobark \\ [[Canarium odontophyllum]]- Dabai, another Chinese olive like fruit \\ [[Canarium ovatum]]- Pili Nut \\ [[Canarium pimela]]- Chinese black olive \\ [[Canarium schweinfurthii]]- African olive, a secondary source of Elemi oil \\ [[Canella winterana]]- White Cinnamon, From the Caribbean reported to look and taste like true cinnamon. Often confused with [[Drimys winteri]] which is from South America \\ [[Capsella bursa-pastoris]]- Shepherd's purse, member of the mustard family it has a peppery-mustard like flavor to the seeds and leaves. \\ [[Carthamus tinctorius]]- Safflower, a strong yellow to red dye is produced from the flower petals which is used as an alternative to saffron or turmeric. \\ [[Carum carvi]]- Caraway \\ [[Carum foetidum]]- \\ [[Carum nigrum]]- Shah Jeera, easily mixed up or perhaps the same spice as black cumin? ((https://foodsofnations.com/product/shahi-jeea-sajira-carum-nigram/))\\ [[Carum verticillatum]]- Whorled caraway \\ [[Carya cathayensis]]- Chinese hickory, This is the primary species of hickory eaten in East Asia \\ [[Carya illinoinensis]]- Pecan \\ [[Carya laciniosa]]- Shellbark Hickory, this is the primary species eaten for hickory nuts in North America. \\ [[Carya ovalis]]- Spicebark Hickory, red hickory, \\ [[Carya ovata]]- Shagbark Hickory, sweet hickory, the bark is used to flavor spirits and syrups imparting a smokey oak like, maple like flavor profile \\ [[Carya tomentosa]]- Mockernut hickory, hognut, This is the primary hickory species thats wood is used for smoking. \\ [[Ceiba pentandra]]- Kapok, Marathi Moggu, The dried flower buds are used similar to capers in Southern India, described as having a peppery flavor ((https://mangalorespice.com/products/kapok-buds-marathi-moggu))\\ [[Celosia argentea]] var. cristata- Cockscomb, used to produce bright red and purple colors to dye food. \\ [[Centella asiatica]]- Gotu Kola, Pennywort, Asiatic or Indian Pennywort, also called Hydrocotyle asiatica, oddly aromatic leaves, swampy, carrot like, cola like. \\ [[Chamaenerion angustifolium]]- Ivan Chai, Fireweed, Willowherb, Leaves are used as a tea like drink in Russia, roots and shoots are also eaten. \\ [[Chimaphila maculata]]- Spotted wintergreen \\ [[Chimaphila umbellata]]- Pipsissewa, roots have a flavor described as similar to wintergreen \\ [[Chrozophora tinctoria]]- Turnsole, Giradol, Dyers Croton, Used as a blue- red dye in foods, especially desserts. \\ [[Chrysanthemum morifolium]]- Tea Chrysanthemum ((https://winghopfung.com/products/chrysanthemum-bud-6oz?_pos=1&_sid=9084c26ad&_ss=r)) \\ [[Chrysopogon aciculatus]]- Drylove, amorseco, \\ [[Chrysopogon nigritanus]]- Black vetivergrass \\ [[Chrysopogon zizanioides]]- Vetiver, a deeply woody-earthy grassy flavor that is without comparison. \\ [[Cichorium endivia]]- Endive, chicory, a bitter and herbal salad green, often sued as a base for dishes where the stiff leaves can be used as a vessel to hold other foods. \\ [[Cichorium intybus]]- Chicory, chicory root, roots are commonly roasted and ground to make a coffee flavored drink, it is often added to coffee to enhance the flavor. \\ [[Cichorium pumilum]]- another edible species of chicory. \\ [[Cinnamodendron corticosum]]- Used as a cinnamon like spice in Jamaica. \\ [[Cinnamomum burmannii]]- Indonesian Cinnamon, Korintje, for a brakedown of species see the Gernot ((http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Cinn_bur.html))\\ [[Cinnamomum camphora]]- Camphor \\ [[Cinnamomum cassia]]- Cassia\\ [[Cinnamomum cebuense]]- Cebu Cinnamon, Filipino Cinnamon, \\((https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSrUxGt-1Bk)) \\ [[Cinnamomum citriodorum]]- Malabar Cinnamon \\ [[Cinnamomum culilawan]]- Lawang, Kulitlawang, sometimes called Cinnamomum cullilawan ((http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/es1547331.html)) ((http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/es1670311.html)) ((http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/es1065091.html)) ((https://www.whitelotusaromatics.com/product/lawang-essential-oil)) ((https://www.stillpointaromatics.com/lawang-Cinnamomon-cullilawan-essential-oil-organic-aromatherapy)) \\ [[Cinnamomum glaucescens]]- sugandha kokila, berries used ((https://www.whitelotusaromatics.com/product/sugandh-kokila-essential-oil-organic)) \\ [[Cinnamomum iners]]- Clove cinnamon, Kayu Manis Hutan, Teja Lawang, Medang Teja, described as clove like, likely similar to Lawang ((https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/8/2806))\\ [[Cinnamomum malabatrum]]- A species of cinnamon used in a similar way to tamala, the bark is also used. \\ [[Cinnamomum mercadoi]]- Kalingag, primary species traditionally used in Filipino cooking. Described as having a menthol and safrol flavor profile. \\ [[Cinnamomum mindaenense]]- Mana, Mindanao Cinnamon, flavor profile unknown. \\ [[Cinnamomum oliveri]]- Australian cinnamon species that has a high safrole content along with eugenol and camphor. \\ [[Cinnamomum osmophloeum]]- Pseudocinnamomum\\ [[Cinnamomum ovalifolium]]- wild cinnamon, wal kurundu \\ [[Cinnamomum tamala]]- Indian Bay Leaf \\ [[Cinnamomum loureiroi]]- Saigon or Vietnamese Cinnamon\\ [[Cinnamomum verum]]- Sri Lankan or Ceylon Cinnamon\\ Cinnamomum zeylanicum- this is a synonym of [[Cinnamomum verum]] \\ [[Cinnamosma fragrans]]- Saro, False sandalwood, greenwood, used and described as similar to cinnamon. \\ [[Citrus]]- On the spectacular amount of citrus species that can be used as spices. \\ [[Citrus aurantifolia]]- Lime ((https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1934578X1200701128))\\ [[Citrus australasica]]- Finger Lime \\ [[Citrus australis]]- Round Lime, another Australian species \\ [[Citrus bergamia]]- Bergamot ((https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10412905.2000.9699501))\\ [[Citrus glauca]]- Desert Lime, an Australian species \\ [[Citrus hystrix]]- Makrut, Thai lime leaf this citrus is unique in the leaves are directly used as a spice as well as the fruits. \\ [[Citrus medica]]- Citron \\ [[Citrus sinensis]]- Orange \\ [[Citrus limon]]- Lemon \\ [[Clausena anisata]]- Perdepis, Horsewood, described as having a strong anise like flavor. \\ [[Clausena anisum-olens]]- Kalumata, Anis, Kayumanis (not to be confused for the Bahasa name for cinnamon), A Filipino tree that has a strong anise like aroma. \\ [[Clausena excavata]]- Cama, described as being similar in scent to curry leaves. Fruits have an anise like flavor. \\ [[Cleome viscosa]]- Jakhya, Wild mustard, a member of the mustard family, seeds are used similar to other mustard seeds. ((https://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/spices.html))\\ [[Clinopodium brownei]]- Browne's savory \\ [[Clinopodium douglasii]]- Yerba Buena, a name in common with several other herbs. \\ [[Clinopodium macrostemum]]- Nurite, Toche, Hediondilla, \\ [[Clinopodium menthifolium]]- Wood Calamint \\ [[Clinopodium nepeta]]- Lesser Calamint \\ [[Clinopodium vimineum]]- Puerto Rican Savory, Herba Buena \\ [[Clinopodium vulgare]]- Wild basil \\ [[Clitoria ternatea]]- Blue butterfly pea, used to dye foods a vibrant blue-purple color. \\ [[Cocos nucifera]]-Coconut \\ [[Cola acuminata]]- Kola Nut \\ [[Cola nitida]]- Kola Nut \\ Most of the aromatic species of Coleus were originally placed in the genus Plectranthus. \\ [[Coleus amboinicus]]- Cuban Oregano, Spanish Thyme, has an oregano like flavor profile \\ [[Coleus cremnus]]- Described as having a rose like or geranium like scent \\ [[Coleus esculentus]]- African Potato, Produces edible tubers.\\ [[Coleus neochilus]]- Boldo-Gambá, Mosquito Bush, Described as having a mint like scent and flavor. \\ [[Coleus rotundifolius]]- Chinese Potato, Country Potato, produces edible tubers. \\ [[Coleus maculosus]] subsp. edulis- Ethiopian Potato, produces edible tubers. \\ [[Colocasia gigantea]]- Giant Taro, Gernot claims the seeds are also used as a spice. ((http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/spice_geo.html#Colocasia_gigantea)) \\ [[Colocasia esculenta]] -Taro \\ [[Comptonia peregrina]]- Sweet Fern, not related to ferns, described as being honeyed, pine like, resinous, and bitter. ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/sweet-fern))\\ [[Conocephalum conicum]]- Scented Liverwort, there are 3 species associated with having a scent with unknown margins in chemotype between them. ((https://wildflowerfinder.org.uk/Flowers/L/Liverwort(Scented)/Liverwort(Scented).htm)) \\ [[Conocephalum salebrosum]]- \\ [[Conocephalum supradecompositum]]- \\ [[Coreopsis tinctoria]]- Kunlun Chrysanthemum, Plains coreopsis, calliopsis \\ [[Coriandrum sativum]]- Coriander, cilantro \\ [[Cornus amomum]]- Eastern silky dogwood, named after amomum for unknown reasons, likely because the seeds are spice like?\\ [[Cornus mas]]- \\ [[Crithmum maritimum]]- Rock Samphire, Sea Fennel, tastes of complex herbal flavor that is spicy, dill and fennel like. \\ [[Croton eluteria]]- Cascarilla, used as a flavor and bittering agent in Campari and Vermouth. \\ [[Croton tiglium]]- used in a similar manner as Cascarilla but from a Chinese tradition instead of an Italian one. \\ [[Crowea exalata]]- ?? ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices)) \\ [[Cryptocaria massoia]]- Massoia \\ [[Cucurbita pepo]]- Melon Seeds, commercial melon seeds \\ [[Cuminum cyminum]]- Cumin, the only culinary member of its genus \\ [[Curcuma amada]]- Mango Turmeric, named after the sour fruity smell of the rhizomes. also known as Curcuma mangga. ((https://www.floridaforaging.com/plant/curcuma-mangga)) \\ [[Curcuma angustifolia]]- East Indian Arrowroot, the rhizomes are used as a culinary vegetable. \\ [[Curcuma aromatica]]- Wild Turmeric. \\ [[Curcuma australasica]]- Cape York Turmeric, the rhizomes are eaten as a root vegetable in Australia. \\ [[Curcuma caesia]]- Black Turmeric \\ [[Curcuma comosa]]- Widely used for medicinal perposes, the essential oils have potential as a food flavoring, culinary palatability is unknown. \\ [[Curcuma longa]]- Turmeric \\ [[Curcuma zanthorrhiza]]- Temulawak, Javanese ginger, ((https://www.floridaforaging.com/plant/curcuma-zanthorrhiza))\\ [[Curcuma zedoaria]]- Zedoary \\ [[Cymbopogon]]- The whole genera is edible, most having a citrusy flavor and scent. \\ [[Cymbopogon citratus]]- Lemongrass \\ [[Cymbopogon flexuosus]]- East Indian Lemongrass ((https://www.tradewindsfruit.com/cymbopogon-flexuosus-east-indian-lemongrass-seeds))\\ [[Cymbopogon martini]]- Palmarosa, Gingergrass, varies from roselike to spicy and herbal \\ [[Cymbopogon nardus]]- Citronella, source of commercial citronella oil \\ [[Cymbopogon refractus]]- Barbed wire grass, used as an herb in Australia. ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices)) \\ [[Cymbopogon schoenanthus]]- Described as minty and lemony \\ [[Cyperus articulatus]]- jointed flatsedge, priprioca, the roots are used as a earthy flavoring and red colorant, used as a starch and thickening agent in drinks. \\ [[Cyperus bulbosus]]- Australian bush onion, used in a similar manner to Cyperus articulatus.\\ [[Cyperus esculentus]]- Tiger nut, the tubers are edible and used as a nutty flavoring and as a starch source. \\ [[Cyperus longus]]- English Galingale, Sweet Galangale, Unknown flavor profile, tubers once used to approximate the flavor and medicinal qualities of galangal. \\ [[Cyperus rotundus]]- Used as a bitter flavoring. \\ [[Cyperus scariosus]]- Cypriol, mostly used for perfume but can be used to impart a deep earth flavor, comparable to patchouli. \\ ===== D ===== [[Dendrobium nobile]]- a controversial tea is made from the dried flowers, it has a soft green floral flavor, not all active compounds are understood. \\ [[Descurainia sophia]]- Seeds are used as a gelling agent similar to basil seeds. \\ [[Dichrostachys cinerea]]- Omubambanjobe, seeds contain geraniol ((https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-016-5254-4)) \\ [[Dioscorea polystachya]]- The flowers are described as having a cinnamon scent to them,\\ [[Dipteryx alata]]- Baru, Baru almond \\ [[Dipteryx charapilla]]- \\ [[Dipteryx micrantha]]- \\ [[Dipteryx odorata]]- Tonka Bean \\ [[Ditaxis heterantha]]- Azafran, Mexican Saffron, Seeds produce a strong yellow dye used similar to saffron and turmeric. Closely related to safflower. \\ [[Dodonaea triquetra]]- Common Hopbush, Australlian Hopbush, seed pods used as a hop substitute. \\ [[Dodonaea viscosa]]- Hopbush, Asian Hopbush, used in medicine practices across Asia, used as a hop substitute. \\ [[Doryphora sassafras]]- Golden Sassafras \\ [[Doryphora aromatica]]- Golden Spiceherb \\ [[Dracaena cinnabari]]- Dragons blood, the resin is sparingly used as a flavorant for toothpaste \\ [[Dracaena draco]]- \\ [[Dracaena fragrans]]- \\ [[Drimys winteri]]- Canelo, Winterbark, a spicy bark is produced that is compared to pepper, it has a unique mode of producing [[piquant]].\\ [[Dysphania ambrosioides]]- Epazote \\ [[Dysphania anthelmintica]]- Wormseed \\ [[Dysphania botrys]]- Sticky Oak Goosefoot, Feathered Geranium \\ [[Dysphania multifida]]- Scented goosefoot \\ [[Dysphania pumilio]]- Clammy Goosefoot \\ ===== E ===== [[Echinops giganteus]]- Cameroon globe thistle ((https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-016-5254-4)) \\ [[Echinops echinatus]]- Indian globe thistle \\ [[Elsholtzia ciliata]]- Crested Late Summer Mint, Vietnamese balm, xiang ru ,香薷, kinh giới, described as lemony \\ [[Elsholtzia fruticosa]]- Ji Gu Chai \\ [[Elsholtzia rugulosa]]- \\ [[Elwendia persica]]- Black cumin, Kala Jeera, Kara Jeera, more commonly called [[Bunium persicum]], not to be confused with [[Nigella sativa]] \\ [[Eriocephalus africanus]]- Cape Rosemary, not related to rosemary but named such for is physical resemblance. \\ [[Eriocephalus punctulatus]]- Cape chamomile \\ [[Eriodictyon californicum]]- Yerba Buena, Yerba Santa, Mountain balm, the plant contains taste modifying compounds that effect the perception of bitter flavors, similar to miracle berries. \\ [[Eriodictyon crassifolium]]- Thickleaf yerba santa, Described as rank \\ [[Etlingera elatior]]- Bongkot, Bunga, Torch ginger, flowers used in a similar manner to Myoga. Rhizome is also used ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/bangl%C3%A9))\\ [[Etlingera fulgens]]- Used as a substitute for torch ginger \\ [[Etlingera maingayi]]- Used as a substitute for torch ginger \\ [[Eucalyptus dives]]- Peppermint Gum ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices)) \\ [[Eucalyptus globulus]]- Tasmanian Blue Gum \\ [[Eucalyptus olida]]- Strawberry Gum \\ [[Eucalyptus polybractea]]- Blue-leaved Mallee \\ [[Eucalyptus staigeriana]]- Lemon Ironbark \\ [[Eupomatia laurina]]- Bolwarra, a myrtle whose fruits are used as spice in Australia ((https://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/mn_magnoc.html)) \\ ===== F ===== [[Fumaria officinalis]]- Fumitory, Fumitary, Earth Smoke, used as a flavor water in Persian cuisine. Described as minty in quality. ((https://theswoonsociety.com/2017/08/07/taking-the-waters/))\\ [[Ferula assa-foetida]]- Hing, Asafetida \\ [[Ferula communis]]- Laser, Giant fennel, \\ [[Ferula cypria]]- Cyprus Fennel, \\ [[Ferula gummosa]]- Galbanum \\ [[Ferula hermonis]]- Zallouh \\ [[Ferula moschata]]- Sumbul, Muskroot, \\ [[Ferula persica]]- Sagapenum \\ [[Ferula tingitana]]- African ammoniacum \\ Silphium also known as laserpicium is likely a species of Ferula \\ [[Filipendula occidentalis]]- Queen-of-the-forest, \\ [[Filipendula rubra]]- Queen-of-the-meadow, lilac scented flowers, can be used to make cordials \\ [[Filipendula ulmaria]]- Meadowsweet, mead wort, a rose family member with all parts described as floral, and honey like in scent \\ [[Filipendula vulgaris]]- dropwort, fern leaf dropwort, wintergreen scented foliage \\ ===== G ===== [[Galinsoga parviflora]]- Guasca, a unusually flavored herb, described as tasting like artichoke heart, used for classic dishes in Columbia \\ [[Galinsoga quadriradiata]]- Used in a similar manner as parviflora, but the leaves are hairy \\ [[Galium odoratum]]- Woodruff, the leaves and stems are high in coumarin giving it a flavor similar to mahaleb and tonka beans. \\ [[Garcinia gummi-gutta]]- Frequently called Garcinia cambodge- Kudampuli, korakka puli, Kudampuli, exceedingly sour, smokey and fermented tasting. \\ [[Garcinia indica]]- Kokum, the fruit husks are used as a fruity-souring agent that is often compared to tamarind also used as a culinary red dye. \\ [[Garcinia quaesita]]- Another source of korakkai puli, also called Goraka, frequently confused/interchangeable with Garcinia gummi-gutta \\ [[Gaultheria procumbens]]- Wintergreen. Several other members of the genus also contain methyl salicylate at very high levels and have an almost identical flavor. \\ [[Geum]]- Various species in this genus, all called Avens and Bonnet, were used to impart a Eugenol note to food before the wide availability of cloves. \\ [[Geum urbanum]]- Avens, Bonnet, Colewort, St. Benedict's herb. used for its roots which have Eugenol in them. \\ [[Glechoma hederacea]]- Alehoof, Creeping Charlie, used as a flavoring agent in beer prior to the use of hops, also used as a salad green and in cheese. \\ [[Glycosmis pentaphylla]]- Gin berry, The seeds can be used as an herbaceous-herbal tasting spice. \\ [[Glycyrrhiza echinata]]- Russian Licorice \\ [[Glycyrrhiza glabra]]- Licorice root \\ [[Glycyrrhiza lepidota]]- Wild Licorice \\ [[Glycyrrhiza uralensis]]- Chinese Licorice \\ [[Guizotia abyssinica]]- Nyjer Seeds, Niger seed, similar to sunflower seeds, toasted and used as a paste for flavoring. \\ ===== H ===== [[Hedychium spicatum]]- Spiked ginger lily, the rhizomes are used as a spice and described as intermediate between ginger and orris. \\ [[Hedychium coronarium]]- Hawaiian spike ginger, edible. \\ [[Hedysarum alpinum]]- Hedysarum, used as a floral water in Persia, tastes similar to licorice root. ((https://theswoonsociety.com/2017/08/07/taking-the-waters/))\\ Helianthus- All species of helianthus can make edible seeds that varyingly resemble sunflower seeds. \\ [[Helianthus annuus]]- The common sunflower, this is the dominate species used to make commercial sunflower seeds and oil. \\ [[Helianthus ciliaris]]- Yerba Parda, Texas Blueweed \\ [[Helianthus resinosus]]- Resindot Sunflower \\ [[Helianthus tuberosus]]- Jerusalem Artichoke, Sunchoke, this species is notable in that the tubers are eaten. \\ [[Hedeoma drummondii]]- False Pennyroyal, used for its minty like flavor in parts of Mexico, may contain [[pulegone]].\\ [[Hedeoma patens]]- Oregano Chiquito, described as having an oregano like aroma. \\ [[Hedeoma pulegioides]]- American False Pennyroyal, much like pennyroyal it contains [[pulegone]], which is considered toxic and consumption is not recommended. \\ [[Hedeoma reverchonii]]- Described as having a lemon and camphor like aroma. \\ [[Hemidesmus indicus]]- Indian Sarsaparilla, used as a flavoring in various carbonated drinks and candy. \\ [[Heracleum maximum]]- Indian celery, the young greens and seeds are eaten as a flavoring in the northwestern United States. \\ [[Heracleum persicum]]- Golpar, sometimes called angelica seed(an unrelated species), flavor is highly unique, resentment of Rue and angelica root. ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/graines-dangelique)) \\ [[Heracleum sphondylium]]- Common Hogweed, Cow parsnip, the seeds have a flavor that resembles green cardamom. ((https://gallowaywildfoods.com/hogweed/)) \\ [[Horsefieldia australiana]]- previously Myristica australiana, Australian spice similar to nutmeg \\ [[Horsfieldia kingii]]- A relative to nutmeg, described as similar in many ways ((http://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/mn_nutmeg.html)) \\ [[Houttuynia cordata]]- Rap ka, chameleon herb, copper herb, the leaves and rhizomes are eaten \\ [[Hyssopus officinalis]]- Hyssop, \\ ===== I ===== Ilex, only these 4 species are confirmed to be edible as far as I know, all other species are likely highly toxic. \\ [[Ilex guayusa]]- Guayusa, widely consumed in South America especially along the Andes mountain range. \\ [[Ilex kaushue]]- Kuding, an overwhelmingly bittering agent that also contains a large amount of caffeine. \\ [[Ilex paraguariensis]]- Yerba Mate, another common South American drink that is used in a similar way to tea. \\ [[Ilex vomitoria]]- Yaupon, Cassina, a North American species also used to make a caffeinated tea like drink, has a malty-herbal complex flavor \\ Illicium anisatum- Is a highly toxic relavtive to star anise that can even have a similar spiced scent. All other members in the genus Illicium except verum are toxic. \\ [[Illicium verum]]- Star Anise \\ [[Irvingia gabonensis]]- African Mango, Dika, Wild Mango, unrelated to mango, the seeds are roasted and ground to make a flavorful paste. \\ [[Irvingia malayana]]- Wild Almond, Barking Deer’s Mango \\ ===== J ===== [[Juglans ailantifolia]]- Japanese Walnut, Heartnut \\ [[Juglans cinerea]] Butternut \\ [[Juglans neotropica]] Andean Walnut, nogal \\ [[Juglans nigra]] Eastern black walnut, Black Walnut \\ [[Juglans regia]] Persian walnut, English Walnut \\ [[Jumellea fragrans]]- Faham, an orchid from Mauritius used to make herbal infusions, has a floral honey quality, historically used like vanilla. ((http://www.orchidspecies.com/jumfragrans.htm)) \\ [[Juniperus communis]]- Common juniper, the cones are used as a bitter coniferous flavor. \\ [[Juniperus monosperma]]- Cones are traditionally eaten by the Navajo \\ [[Juniperus virginiana]]- American juniper, used the same as juniper berries. \\ [[Justicia pectoralis]]- \\ ===== K ===== [[Kaempferia galanga]]- Kencur, sand ginger, a camphorous and medicinal member of the ginger family. \\ [[Kaempferia parviflora]]- Thai black ginger, Krachai dum, used much like kencur, considered a aphrodisiac. \\ [[Kunzea ambigua]]- White Kunzea, a spice with a similarity to Callistemon or Melaleuca\\ [[Kunzea muelleri]]- Described as rosemary like.((https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xf8zxwmxZr8)) \\ [[Kunzea pomifera]]- Muntries, berries and leaves are used as a spice. ((https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xf8zxwmxZr8))\\ [[Kunzea robusta]]- Manuka, leaves are used to make essential oil, close to the flavor of tea tree. \\ ===== L ===== [[Lamium album]]- White nettle, Bee nettle \\ [[Lamium amplexicaule]]- Henbit, common henbit nettle \\ [[Lamium purpureum]]- Deadnettle, used like other members of the genus, the pollen can dye foods red. ((https://twitter.com/blackforager/status/1367333784522289152/photo/2))\\ [[Lantana]]- though many species have strong lemony and herbal scents, all species are poisonous as far as I know. \\ [[Laurus nobilis]]- Bay Laurel \\ [[Lepidium]]- Almost all species of Lepidium are edible, called peppercress, peppergrass, and pepperwort. Part of the mustard family they have a peppery-mustard flavor to the seeds and leaves. \\ [[Lepidium latifolium]]- Dittander, perennial pepperweed,broadleaved pepperwort. \\ [[Lepidium meyenii]]- Maca, the root is used to make a musty tasting spice as well as a medicine \\ [[Lepidium sativum]]- Garden Cress, used as a peppery mustard like leaf vegetable \\ [[Leonurus cardiaca]]- Motherwort, lions tail, \\ [[Leonurus japonicus]]- Chinese Motherwort, \\ [[Leonurus sibiricus]]- Siberian Motherwort, honeyweed, many species of motherwort seem to be high in alkaloids and likely have psychoactive effects. \\ [[Leptotes bicolor]]- A relative of vanilla that also has flavorful seed pods. \\ [[Levisticum officinale]]- Lovage \\ [[Ligusticum striatum]]- Chinese Lovage, chuanxiong (川芎) the seed pods called Xiang Guo(香果) are often, perhaps dubiously, attributed to this species. ((http://www.mylucai.com/lucaizhishi/2800.html))\\ [[Limnophila aromatica]]- Rice patty herb, Rau om, another highly underappreciated herb \\ [[Lindera aggregata]]- Japanese spicebush \\ [[Lindera benzoin]]- Spicebush \\ [[Lindera melissifolia]]- Southern spicebush \\ [[Lindera neesiana]]- Pepperbush, Sil-timur Berry ((https://www.terreexotique.com/gift-box-a-journey-through-the-land-of-peppers-no-1.html)) \\ [[Lingdera thomsonii]]- Unlikely a real species, often the quoted species for the fruit of Xiang Guo(香果) also called Ligusticum chuanxiong which is also a misnomer name ((http://www.mylucai.com/lucaizhishi/2800.html))\\ [[Lippia abyssinica]]- Koseret, Widely used in Ethiopia it has a minty eucalyptus like flavor. \\ [[Lippia alba]]- ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippia_alba)) \\ [[Lippia citriodora]]- Lemon Verbena. \\ [[Lippia graveolens]]- Mexican Oregano, has a flavor complex similar to oregano with many unique rank notes \\ [[Lippia micromera]]- Spanish Thyme, Caribbean Oregano, Puerto Rican Oregano, used in the Caribbean much like Mexican Oregano. \\ [[Lippia palmeri]]- Xomcahiift \\ [[Litsea cubeba]]- May Chang, mountain pepper, fruits and leaves have a strong lemon scent, fruit look like peppercorns. \\ [[Litsea glaucescens]]- Mexican bay leaves \\ [[Litsea glutinosa]]- unknown \\ [[Lodoicea maldivica]]- Coco de mer \\ [[Lysimachia foenum-graecum]] 灵香草 ling xiang cao ((http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200017018)) \\ ===== M ===== [[Macadamia integrifolia]]- Queensland Nut, smooth shelled macadamia. \\ [[Macadamia ternifolia]]- \\ [[Macadamia tetraphylla]]- rough shelled Macadamia \\ [[Mammea suriga]]- Nag Kesar, Kobra Saffron, the flower buds are used as a woody citrusy spice. The flowers may also be used to make a floral water. ((https://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/spices.html)). \\ [[Mangifera altissima]]- Pahutan \\ [[Mangifera caesia]]- Jack, White Mango, Binjai \\ [[Mangifera casturi]]- Kalimantan Mango, Kasturi \\ [[Mangifera foetida]]- Horse Mango, Malmut, Limus, Bachang, fruits eaten pickled. \\ [[Mangifera indica]]- Mango, Amchur, tropical fruity tasting souring agent. \\ [[Mangifera kemanga]]- \\ [[Mangifera laurina]]- Mangga Kopyor \\ [[Mangifera odorata]]- Kwini \\ [[Mangifera pajang]]- Bambangan \\ [[Mangifera sylvatica]]- Himalayan mango, Pickling Mango\\ [[Mangifera zeylanica]]- Sri Lanka Wild Mango\\ [[Magnolias]]- Essay on the various magnolia species. \\ [[Magnolia biondii]]- Buds are used as a spice and medicine. ((https://tcmwiki.com/wiki/biond-magnolia-flower))\\ [[Magnolia denudata]]- Buds are used as a spice and medicine.\\ [[Magnolia grandiflora]]- the flowers and buds are used to make a floral lemon flavor. \\ [[Magnolia hypoleuca]]- Used in Japan as a spice, with leaves being used to wrap food and also ground and added to food. used to make hoba miso. ((https://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/mn_magnolz.html)) \\ [[Magnolia mexicana]]- Flowers used as well as young leaves. ((https://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/mn_magnolz.html)) \\ [[Magnolia obovata]]- Used in Japan as a spice, with leaves being used to wrap food and also ground and added to food. used to make hoba miso. \\ [[Magnolia sprengeri]]- Buds are used as a spice and medicine.\\ [[Melaleuca quinquenervia]]- Broad-leaf Paperbark ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices)) \\ [[Melaleuca leucadendron]]- Weeping Paperbark \\ [[Melilotus albus]]- Honey clover, Sweet clover, White clover, the clover described in clover honey. ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/sweet-clover))\\ [[Melilotus officinalis]] Yellow Sweet Clover, similar to albus, both have high coumarin contents \\ [[Mint]]- There are a huge amount of minty plants \\ [[Mentha aquatica]]- Water Mint. \\ [[Mentha aquatica var. citrata]]- Bergamot Mint, Orange Mint, Eau de Cologne mint. Very high in linalyl acetate and linalool. Sometimes called Mentha × piperita f. citrata\\ [[Mentha australis]]- River Mint \\ [[Mentha diemenica]]- Slender Mint \\ [[entha × gracilis]]- Ginger Mint \\ [[Mentha longifolia]]- Horse Mint \\ [[Mentha × piperita]]- Peppermint, Chocolate Mint \\ [[Mentha pulegium]]- Pennyroyal, notable for its historic uses and unusually high levels of [[pulegone]], a toxic monoterpene, it is not recommended to consume Pennyroyal. \\ [[Mentha requienii]]- Corsican Mint, used as the flavorant of Crème de Menthe \\ [[Mentha saturioides]]- ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices))\\ [[Mentha spicata]]- Spearmint, Yerba Buena. \\ [[Mentha suaveolens]]- Apple Mint \\ [Mertensia virginica]]- Virginia Bluebell, Roanoke Bells, Lungwort Oysterleaf, an edible borage with a cucumber like flavor profile. \\ [[Monarda citriodora]]- lemon beebalm, lemon mint \\ [[Monarda clinopodia]]- white bergamot, basil beebalm \\ [[Monarda clinopodioides]]- basil beebalm \\ [[Monarda didyma]]- Oswego tea, fragrant balm \\ [[Monarda fistulosa]]- Wild bergamot, beebalm, tastes like caraway and thyme and not much like bergamot citrus. \\ [[Monarda punctata]]- spotted beebalm, thyme beebalm \\ [[Mondia whitei]]- says its a spice in Africa.. dubious \\ [[Monodora myristica]]- Calabash nutmeg, Ehuru, Acrican nutmeg, a species in the Annonaceae family with a nutmeg like flavor. ((does it have annonacin?)) \\ [[Murraya koenigii]]- Curry leaves \\ [[Murraya paniculata]]- Jasmine Orange, leaves and fruits are edible \\ [[Marrubium vulgare]]- White horehound, compared to the flavor of wintergreen or rootbeer, for black horehound see [[Ballota nigra]] \\ [[Myrica gale]]- Gale, sweetgale, bog myrtle. ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/sweet-gale)) \\ [[Myrica rubra]]- Yumberry, bayberry, the fruits are using to add a fruity sweet flavor to soups. \\ [[Myristica argentea]]- Long nutmeg, Macassar nutmeg, horse nutmeg, used as a nutmeg replacement. \\ [[Myristica cagayanensis]]- used in Chinese medicine ((http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=121489)) \\ [[Myristica fatua]]- Used as an replacement for nutmeg \\ [[Myristica fragrans]]- True nutmeg and Mace \\ [[Myristica guatteriifolia]]- Used in Chinese medicine ((http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=121489)) \\ [[Myristica impressinerva]]- unknown ((https://doctorlib.info/herbal/encyclopedia-psychoactive-plants-ethnopharmacology/76.html))\\ [[Myristica iners]]-- Unknown ((https://doctorlib.info/herbal/encyclopedia-psychoactive-plants-ethnopharmacology/76.html))\\ [[Myristica insipida]]- Australian spice similar to nutmeg \\ [[Myristica malabarica]]- Kattujathi, Rampatri, Malabar Nutmeg, Bombay mace, a native to India with similar properties to nutmeg and mace, likely unique\\ [[Myristica malaccensis]]- Unknown ((https://doctorlib.info/herbal/encyclopedia-psychoactive-plants-ethnopharmacology/76.html))\\ [[Myristica simiarum]]- Used in Chinese medicine. ((http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=121489)) \\ [[Myristica speciosa]]- Used as an replacement for nutmeg \\ [[Myristica succedanea]]- Batjang Nutmeg, used as a replacement for nutmeg \\ [[Myristica umbellata]]- Unknown ((https://doctorlib.info/herbal/encyclopedia-psychoactive-plants-ethnopharmacology/76.html))\\ [[Myristica yunnanensis]]- ((http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200008620)) ((http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=121489)) \\ [[Myrocarpus fastigiatus]]- Cabreuva, an underappreciated spicy woody flavor. \\ [[Myroxylon balsamum]]- Peru & Tolu Balsam, Used for making rootbeer and cream soda flavor profiles. Has a complex vanilla styrene like scent and flavor. \\ [[Myroxylon peruiferum]]- Quina \\ [[Myrtus communis]]- Myrtle leaves\\ [[Myrtus nivellei]]- Saharan myrtle \\ ===== N ===== [[Nardostachys chinensis]]- Chinese Spikenard \\ [[Nardostachys jatamansi]]- Spikenard, muskroot, Fleabane \\ [[Nashia inaguensis]]- Moujean Tea, Bahama Berry, Pineapple Verbena, described as having a herbal, citrus, vanilla, and pineapple like quality. \\ [[Nasturtium microphyllum]]- yellowcress \\ [[Nasturtium officinale]]- Watercress \\ [[Nigella arvensis]]- Field nigella. \\ [[Nigella damascena]]- is often confused with Nigella sativa, demascana contains alkaloids making consuming the seeds controversial. \\ [[Nigella sativa]]- Nigella, Kalonji \\ ===== O ===== [[Ocimum × africanum]]- Lemon basil, a cross between O. americanum and O. basilicum \\ [[Ocimum basilicum]]- Sweet Basil, common European basil \\ [[Ocimum campechianum]]- ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocimum_campechianum))\\ [[Ocimum × citriodorum]]- Lemon Basil, same as Ocimum × africanum. \\ [[Ocimum gratissimum]]- Clove basil, scent leaves, commonly used in West African cooking. \\ [[Ocimum kilimandscharicum]]- Camphor Basil \\ [[Ocimum kilimandscharicum × basilicum]]- African Blue basil, an odd cross that behaves as a perennial. \\ [[Ocimum minimum]]- mini Basil, Bush basil \\ [[Ocimum tenuiflorum]]- Holy Basil \\ [[Ocotea pretiosa]]- South american cinnamon, these trees are describes as having bark with a cinnamon taste \\ [[Ocotea quixos]]- South american cinnamon, these trees are describes as having bark with a cinnamon taste \\ [[Ocotea sassafras]]- The bark is high in safrole. \\ [[Olea capensis]]- Black Ironwood \\ [[Olea europaea]]- European olive. The leaves are also used as an unusual spice. \\ [[Origanum dictamnus]]- Dittany of Crete, Hop Marjoram. \\ [[Origanum majorana ]]- Marjoram, Sweet Marjoram. \\ [[Origanum onites]]- Ellinikí Rίgani, Pot Marjoram, Cretan oregano. \\ [[Origanum rotundifolium]]- Round Leaf Oregano. \\ [[Origanum syriacum]]- Zaatar, Za'atar. \\ [[Origanum vulgare]]- Oregano, also called wild Zaatar. \\ [[Osmanthus fragrans]]- Osmanthus, the flowers are used to impart a strong floral-apricot flavor. \\ [[Osmundea oederi]]- Brittle Fern Weed\\ [[Osmundea osmunda]]- Royal Fern Weed\\ [[Osmundea pinnatifida]]- Pepper Dulce, Flat fern weed ((https://gallowaywildfoods.com/pepper-dulse-edibility-identification-distribution/)) \\ [[Osmundea truncata]]- Iridescent Fern Weed\\ [[Oxalis acetosella]]- Common wood sorrel \\ [[Oxalis articulata]]- Pink wood sorrel, Chari amilo, Netho khatta saag, high in ascorbic acid \\ [[Oxalis corniculata]]- Creeping wood sorrel \\ [[Oxalis enneaphylla]]- Scurvy-grass sorrel, contains ascorbic acid \\ [[Oxalis montana]]- Mountain woodsorrel \\ [[Oxalis pes-caprae]]- Sourgrass, Bermuda sorrel, buttercup oxalis, Cape sorrel, widespread species, the flower stems are commonly sucked on for their sour flavor. \\ [[Oxalis stricta]]- Common oxalis, common yellow woodsorrel, lemon clover, a short growing widespread species of oxalis, commonly found in lawns. \\ [[Oxalis tuberosa]]- Oca, Uqa, The roots are eaten as a starchy vegetable and often have an unusual sour character due to the oxalic acid content common across the genus. \\ ===== P ===== [[Palmaria palmata]]- red dulse, and edible [[seaweed]] with a strong savory flavor to it. \\ [[Pandanus amaryllifolius]]- Pandan leaves, used to impart a specific sweet vanilla-bread like flavor and often a green coloration.\\ [[Pandanus julianettii]]- Karuka, pandan nut, this species is unusual as the seeds are roasted and used much like other nuts. \\ [[Pandanus odoratissimus]]- Kewra, The flowers are used in a water form much like rose water and orange blossom water. \\ [[Pandanus odorifer]]- another name for Kewra, same species. \\ [[Pandanus tectorius]]- thatch screwpine, less aromatic, but still scented leaves. \\ [[Pandanus utilis]]- Common screwpine, less aromatic, but still scented leaves. \\ [[Papaver hybridum]]- An unknown species of poppy described by Pliny the Elder, included only in the historical record. \\ [[Papaver orientale]]- Oriental poppy, used for seeds \\ [[Papaver rhoeas]]- Intermediate poppy, used for seeds \\ [[Papaver somniferum]]- Poppy seeds. \\ [[Parmelia perlata]]- Dagad Phool, Black stone flower, A rock lichen used as an earthy flavored spice. Very mild in intensity, similar in some ways to oakmoss. \\ [[Parmotrema perlatum]]- Kalpasi, quite unusual as its a lichen used as a enigmatic spice widely in India. \\ [[Pastinaca sativa]]- Parsnip \\ [[Peganum harmala]]- Wild Rue, Esphand, seeds are deeply bitter, eaten and used as incense, acts as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, apparently can be hallucinogenic as well. ((https://doctorlib.info/herbal/encyclopedia-psychoactive-plants-ethnopharmacology/85.html)) \\ [[Pentaclethra macrophylla]]- Ugba ((https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276239015_Evolution_of_Volatile_Flavour_Compounds_during_Fermentation_of_African_Oil_Bean_Pentaclethra_macrophylla_Benth_Seeds_for_Ugba_Production)) \\ [[Perilla frutescens]]- Perilla, Shiso, tía tô, deulkkae, kkaennip, one of the most underappreciated leafy herbs. \\ [[Persea americana]]- Avacado, the leaves and bark are used mildly as spices \\ [[Persea drimy­folia]]- Mexican Avacado, the leaves have a strong safrole clove like flavor \\ [[Petroselinum crispum]]- Parsley \\ [[Persicaria hydropiper]]- Tade, Japense water pepper, \\ [[Persicaria hydropiperoides]]- False Water pepper \\ [[Persicaria minor]]- Kesum, used in Malaysia in a similar manner to Vietnamese Coriander. \\ [[Persicaria maculosa]]- \\ [[Persicaria odorata]]- rau răm, Vietnamese coriander, Laksa mint, \\ [[Persicaria tinctoria]]- Chinese / Japanese Indigo, Used as a source of Indigo dye before the introduction of Indigofera species. [[Peumus boldus]]- Boldo leaves, one of the most overlooked spices \\ [[Phyla dulcis]]- Aztec Sweet Herb, has a strong sweetening effect. \\ [[Picea mariana]]- Black Spruce, Used to make spruce beer and rootbeer, the most widely used species of spruce. \\ [[Picea pungens]]- Colorado Blue Spruce, used in flavoring \\ [[Picea rubens]]- Red Spruce, used in rootbeer production \\ [[Picea sitchensis]]- Sitka Spruce, Used in rootbeer production \\ [[Pimenta dioica]]- Allspice, the berries as well as the leaves and bark can be used as spices. \\ [[Pimenta racemosa]]- West Indian Bay, Bay Rum, used to flavor alcohols and perfumes. ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/bay-leaf-grenada)) \\ [[Pinus]]- All species of pine are edible with Ponderosa, Monterey, and lodgepole pine considered by some to be exceptions ((https://www.quora.com/What-species-of-pine-tree-are-poisonous-to-humans-if-ingested)) \\ [[Pipers]]- Essay on the various species of pepper in the genus Piper. \\ [[Piper aduncum]]- Matico, spiked pepper, leaves and fruits are used, often compared to long pepper. \\ [[Piper auritum]]- Hoja Santa, rootbeer leaf, the leaves are essential to mole verde and used and impart a [[safrole]] heavy rootbeer like flavor. \\ [[Piper betle]]- Betel leaves, used as a stimulant as well as a spice. \\ [[Piper borbonense]]- Voatsiperifery, similar to cubeb. \\ [[Piper capense]]- African long pepper, timiz, commonoly used in Ethiopia. \\ [[Piper chaba]]- Choi Jhal, the roots, leaves and stems are used for their extreme [[piquant]] pungency. \\ [[Piper cubeba]]- Cubeb \\ [[Piper excelsum]]- Kawakawa, intermediate between pepper and Kava, roots, leaves, and berries are used as a bitter spice. \\ [[Piper guineense]]- Azizi pepper, Ashanti pepper, both the fruits and leaves are used, i t is often compared to cubeb, essential to many African dishes. ((https://www.ebay.com/itm/Dried-Uziza-Leaves-1-6oz/273861804658)) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_guineense)) ((https://www.amazon.com/Pimienta-Guinea-africana-paradise-genuine/dp/B077D45RNY/147-2950104-0682848?psc=1)) ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/forest-pepper))\\ [[Piper hooglandii]]- An Australian island (Lord Howe Island) species that is reported to be used like Kavakava, it also has pungent berries. \\ [[Piper kadsura]]- Japanese pepper, leaves and fruits used as a bitter spice. \\ [[Piper marginatum]]- Anisi Wiwiri, Anise pepper, species grown in Suriname with leaves used for flavor use,described as similar to anise ((https://www.seedsdelmundo.com/product/piper-marginatum/)) \\ [[Piper methysticum]]- Kavakava, the roots and leaves are occasionally used as a spice. \\ [[Piper mullesua]]- Assam pepper, ((https://www.terreexotique.com/poivre-d-assam.html)) \\ [[Piper nigrum]]- Black pepper \\ [[Piper retrofractum]]- Indonesian Long Pepper ((https://www.ebay.com/itm/Organic-Long-Pepper-javanese-Piper-Retrofractum-2-oz/274461680953))\\ Piper sanctum- Another name for Hoja Santa [[Piper auritum]]\\ [[Piper ribisioides]]- Pepper Root, Pepper wood, Chili Wood, the Roots and peppercorns of this Piper species are ground and used as a spice,. ((https://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/pi_piper.html)) \\ [[Piper sarmentosum]]- Lolot, the leaves are used as a spice in southeast asian cooking. \\ [[Piper longum]]- Long Pepper, pipli, the roots are called Ganthoda. \\ [[Pistacia lentiscus]]- Mastic, the resin with a strong turpentine like flavor. \\ [[Pistacia terebinthus]]- Turpentine, the original was made from the resin of this tree. \\ [[Pistacia vera]]- Pistachio \\ [[Platycodon grandiflorus]]- Doraji, Kikyō, Chinese Bellflower, the roots are used in Korea as a vegetable and for their pungent flavor. \\ [[Poliomintha incana]]- Frosted Mint, hoary rosemary-mint, Used as a flavoring spice by the Hopi as well as the Tewa. \\ [[Poliomintha longiflora]]- Oregano Indio, often called simply oregano in Mexico. \\ [[Polypodium glycyrrhiza]]- Licorice fern, sweet root, Contains a compound that is 500 times sweeter then sugar, has a bitter-sweet earthy flavor profile\\ [[Polypodium vulgare]]- Common Polypody, sweet root, described as similar to glycyrrhiza. \\ [[Populus balsamifera]]- Balsam Poplar, Hackmatack, Tacamahaca, The resinous leaves are used as a spice ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/balsam-poplar)) \\ [[Porophyllum gracile]]- Odora, Xtisil \\ [[Porophyllum leiocarpum]]- Yerba de Peo \\ [[Porophyllum linaria]]- Pipicha, Amazing complex flavor similar to cilantro with aster undertones, underappreciated \\ [[Porophyllum ruderale]]- Papalo, Amazing flavor similar to cilantro with herbal undertones similar to Rue. \\ [[Porophyllum scoparium]]- Yerba del Vinado \\ [[Pouteria sapota]]- Mamey Sapote, the seeds when dried have a strong almond (benzaldehyde) scent. \\ [[Premna odorata]]- Fragrant Premna, Alagaw, siargaw, saliargaw, an aromatic tree in the mint family. \\ [[Prostanthera]]- All species in this Australian genus have some amount of Piperitone in their leaves giving the plants a minty flavor. \\ [[Prostanthera cuneata]]- ((https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5MeCrEhum0))\\ [[Prostanthera incisa]]- Cut leaf mint bush \\ [[Prostanthera melissifolia]]- Balm mint bush \\ [[Prostanthera ovalifolia]]- ((https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5MeCrEhum0))\\ [[Prostanthera rotundifolia]]- round leaf mint bush ((https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5MeCrEhum0))\\ [[Prunus dulcis]]- Almonds \\ [[Prunus mahaleb]]- Mahaleb, can be compared in flavor to Tonka Beans. \\ [[Pseudowintera axillaris]]- Lowland horopito \\ [[Pseudowintera colorata]]- Mountain horopito, pepperwood tree, leaves and bark used in new Zealand for their pepper like [[piquant]].\\ [[Pseudowintera traversii]]- Travers horopito \\ [[Ptelea trifoliata]]- Hoptree, Skunkbush, Skunkash, Used as seasoning and as a replacement for hops in colonial America. \\ [[Ptelea crenulata]]- California Hoptree, described as similar to Ptelea trifoliata \\ [[Punica granatum]]- Pomegranate seeds. \\ [[Punica protopunica]]- Socotran pomegranate \\ [[Pycnanthemum pilosum]]- Mountain Mint \\ [[Pycnanthemum tenuifolium]]-\\ [[Pycnanthemum virginianum]]- \\ [[Pyropia]]- nori, almost every species is used to make nori or various flavoring uses. \\ ===== Q ===== [[Quararibea funebris]]- Rosita de cacao- described as a complex floral flavor with notes of dried and candied fruits. Classically used for chocolate recipes ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/rosita-de-cacao)) \\ [[Quararibea turbinata]]- Swizzlestick, the aromatic bark and stems are used to make sticks to stir cocktails giving a similar effect as adding a drop of bitters. \\ [[Quercus emoryi]]- Sweet acorn \\ ===== R ===== [[Rhamnus prinoides]]- Gesho, Geso, Shiny Leaf Buckthorn, Hops Stem (not botanically related), A embittering spice used in Ethiopia to flavor Tej a honey wine. \\ [[Ricinodendron heudelotii]]- Mongongo, Njangsa, The oily seeds are ground to a paste used to flavor dishes across west and tropical Africa. \\ [[Rosa acicularis]]- Prickly rose, arctic rose \\ [[Rosa × alba]]- \\ [[Rosa bracteata]]- \\ [[Rosa canina]]- Dog rose \\ [[Rosa × centifolia]]- Rose de Mai \\ [[Rosa chinensis]]- China Rose \\ [[Rosa damascena]]- Rose \\ [[Rosa gallica]]- Apothecary rose \\ [[Rosa odorata]]- Tea Scented Rose, a Chinese species of rose used to make an aromatic tea. \\ [[Rosa majalis]]- Cinnamon rose \\ [[Rosa moschata]]- Musk rose \\ [[Rosa nutkana]]-Wild rose, Nootka rose, bristly rose \\ [[Rosa primula]]- Incense rose \\ [[Rosa rubiginosa]]- Sweet briar, petals used to make tea \\ [[Rosa rugosa]]- Japanese rose, Rugosa rose, beach rose, used to make petal jam for its intense fragrance. \\ [[Rumex acetosa]]- Sorrel \\ [[Rumex acetosella]]- Red sorrel \\ [[Rumex arcticus]]- Actic Dock \\ [[Rumex crispus]]- Curly dock, also high in oxalic acid. \\ [[Rumex hastatulus]]- Questionably edible, high in oxalic acid. \\ [[Rumex hymenosepalus]]- \\ [[Rumex maritimus]]- \\ [[Rumex obtusifolius]]- Bitter Dock \\ [[Rumex occidentalis]]- Western dock \\ [[Rumex patientia]]- \\ [[Rumex sagittatus]]- Rambling dock \\ [[Rumex scutatus]]- French Sorrel \\ [[Rumex spinosus]]- \\ [[Rumex venosus]]- \\ [[Ruta graveolens]]- Rue, leaves are bitter and unique tasting, berries are peppery, a notably underappreciated spice ((constituents https://essential7.com/products/rue-essential-oil.html))\\ [[Ruta chalepensis]]- Fringed rue, Ethiopian rue, the leaves and berries are commonly used in Ethiopian cuisine ((https://www.davidvanille.com/en/rare-peppers/133-passion-fruit-pepper-ethiopia.html)) \\ ===== S ===== Edible [[seaweed]], every species of Saccharina is edible. \\ [[Saccharina japonica]]- kombu \\ [[Saccharina latissima]]- sugar kelp \\ [[Salicornia sp.]]- Glasswort, Pickle Weed, Marsh Samphire, (seemingly) all species can be ground into a salty vegital powder. \\ [[Salix aegyptiaca]]- Pussywillow, Persian Willow, flowers, leaves, and bark are used as flavoring. Flower water described as similar to rose or violet with a wintergreen note. \\ [[Salvia apiana]]- White Sage, Incense Sage \\ [[Salvia divinorum]]- Deviners Sage, Hallucinogenic but also used as a flavoring in liqueur.\\ [[Salvia fruticosa]]- Greek Sage, a common adulterant is sage seasoning mixes, often compared to common sage \\ [[Salvia hispanica]]- Chia \\ [[Salvia jurisicii]]- Stepp Sage, Macedonian Sage, Jurisic Sage, flavor profile is comparable to common sage. \\ [[Salvia officinalis]]- Sage, Garden sage, Common Sage \\ [[Salvia miltiorrhiza]]- Likely the leaves can be used as a spice ((http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rs1678031.html))\\ [[Salvia pratensis]]- Meadow Clary, Meadow Sage \\ [[Salvia rosmarinus]]- Rosemary, recently changed name from [[Rosmarinus officinalis]]. \\ [[Salvia sclarea]]- Clary Sage \\ [[Salvia yangii]]- Perovskia Atriplicifolia, Russian Sage, used in salads and as a vodka flavor. \\ [[Sanguisorba canadensis]]- Canadian burnet \\ [[Sanguisorba minor]]- Salad Burnet, described as having a cucumber like flavor \\ [[Sanguisorba officinalis]] \\ [[Santalum acuminatum]]- Desert quandong, uniquely this species is not used for its wood but instead for its flavorful fruit and edible seeds which are used as nuts similar to spicatum. \\ [[Santalum album]]- The primary species of sandalwood, which most other species are compared. deeply woody-powdery. \\ [[Santalum austrocaledonicum]]- Dark, similar to Australian sandalwood but with musky overtones. \\ [[Santalum ellipticum]]- ʻIliahialoʻe, a species of Hawaiian sandalwood, considered the best sandalwood int he world, sweet and powdery. \\ [[Santalum fernandezianum]]- Chilean Sandalwood, believed extinct from over harvesting of its aromatic wood. \\ [[Santalum freycinetianum]]- ʻIliahi, a species of Hawaiian sandalwood, considered inferior to ellipticum. \\ [[Santalum spicatum]]- Australian sandalwood, My favorite species, darker, woodier, and wetter tasting, much rougher then album. The seeds are used as a nut. \\ [[Sassafras albidum]]- Sassafras \\ [[Satureja hortensis]]- Summer savory \\ [[Satureja thymbra]]- Savory of Crete, Roman Hyssop, sometimes considered the origin of the word Zaatar. \\ [[Satureja montana]]- Winter savory \\ [[Schinus molle]]- Peruvian pink pepper Tree, often called California pink pepper \\ [[Schinus terebinthifolius]]- Brazilian pink pepper tree, often called California pink pepper \\ [[Schisandra chinensis]]- Five flavor berry, 雞蛋花, fruits have an unusual sweet spicy flavor. \\ [[Sedum acre]]- goldmoss stonecrop, leaves have a large amount of piperidine in them. Potentially has toxic alkaloids ((https://www.agfonds.lv/herbs/herbs-a-b/biting-stonecrop-sedum-acre/)) \\ [[Sedum divergens]] \\ [[Sedum reflexum]]- Reflexed stonecrop \\ [[Sesamum indicum]]- Sesame seeds. \\ [[Sideritis]]- the entire genus appears edible, with a sage like and citrus like quality ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideritis)) \\ [[Sinapis alba]]- White Mustard, one of two primary seed used to make mustard pastes. \\ [[Smilax aristolochiifolia]]- Mexican Sarsaparilla, Zarzaparilla, Cocolmeca, Alambrilla, described as sweet bitter \\ [[Smilax aspera]]- Mediterranean Sarsaparilla \\ [[Smilax china]]- Chinaroot, Chinese Sarsaparilla, used in Chinese medicine and as a flavorant. \\ [[Smilax glyciphylla]]- Sweet Sarsaparilla, Australian Sarsaparilla, \\ [[Smilax ornata]]- Sarsaparilla, Jamaican Sarsaparilla, Also called Smilax regelii, this is the most common form used in beverages around the world. \\ [[Smyrnium olusatrum]]- Alexanders, described as an intermediate between celery and parsley, the berries are notable as having a unique flavor similar to truffles ((https://www.terreexotique.com/alexanders.html)) \\ [[Solanum centrale]]- Australian bush tomato \\ [[Sorghum bicolor]]- Massambala, Brooncorn, Karrir-corn, Leaves are used as a spice and red colorant in Ghana.\\ [[Stachys affinis]]- Chinese artichoke, Japanese artichoke, knotroot, roots are eaten, frequently picked as a garnish. \\ [[Stachys arvensis]]- Field Woundwort, Along with [[Stachys sylvatica]] was used by the romans for various medicinal uses. \\ [[Stachys byzantina]]- Lamb's-ear, \\ [[Stachys floridana]]- Florida Betony, used in a similar manner to [[Stachys affinis]]\\ [[Stachys officinalis]]- Common Hedgenettle, Betony, comes from a history of medicinal use, now sued to make teas. \\ [[Stachys palustris]]- Marsh Woundwort, used similar to [[Stachys arvensis]], leaves are eaten as salad seasoning. \\ [[Stachys sylvatica]]- Hedge Woundwort, Whitespot \\ [[Stevia rebaudiana]]- Stevia, Sweetleaf, leaves contain the glycosides stevioside and rebaudioside which taste sweet. \\ [[Strobilanthes crispa]]- Likely edible and flavorful, described as peach like. \\ [[Strobilanthes menglaensis]]- Cha Tou herb, 糯米香, added to chinese tea to impart a buttery-pandan like flavor synonym of Semnostachya Menglaensis ((https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16277417/)) ((https://teamedicineblog.wordpress.com/2018/09/17/cha-tou-review/)) ((https://www.teasenz.com/chinese-tea/what-is-sticky-rice-pu-erh-tea-nuo-mi-xiang-cha.html)) [[Strobilanthes tonkinensis]]- May be the same species as menglaensis ((Takes digging search for aroma http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF19/Strobilanthes.pdf)) ((https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452316X17300868)) [[Syzygium anisatum]]- Anise Myrtle, an Australian spice. \\ [[Syzygium aromaticum]]- Cloves, the flower buds, berries, bark and leaves all can be used for spices. \\ [[Syzygium polyanthum]]- Indonesian Bay Leaf, \\ ===== T ===== [[Tagetes lucida]]- Mexican tarragon \\ [[Tagetes limonii]]- \\ [[Tamarindus indica]]- Tamarind \\ [[Tamarix ramosissima]]- Salt Cedar, Tamarck, A salty herbaceous powder can be made by grinding the dried leaves \\ [[Tanacetum annuum]]- Blue Tansy, rank and bitter in flavor, resembling many Artemisia species. \\ [[Tanacetum balsamita]]- Costmary, described as pungent and oregano like. \\ [[Tanacetum camphoratum]]- Camphor Tansy, Dune Tansy, \\ [[Tanacetum cinerariifolium]]- Contains pyrethroid, which causes contact dermatitis, edibility unknown. \\ [[Tanacetum parthenium]]- Feverfew, described as chamomile like. \\ [[Tanacetum vulgare]]- Tansy, Bitter Buttons, a bitter aster like flavor. \\ [[Tasmannia insipida]]- Brush Pepperbush, \\ [[Tasmannia lanceolata]]- Mountain Pepperbush, Tasmanian pepper, has safrole and Polygodial, which is a piquant compound\\ [[Tasmannia stipitata]]- Dorrigo Pepperbush, described as woody-cinnamon ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmannia_stipitata#cite_note-3))\\ [[Tasmannia xerophila]]- Alpine Pepperbush \\ [[Teucrium canadense]]- American Germander, Canadian Germander, \\ [[Teucrium chamaedrys]]- Wall Germander, an important ingredient in Venice treacle. \\ [[Teucrium marum]]- Cat Thyme, Kitty Crack, this species is highly attractive to cats. \\ [[Teucrium polium]]- Felty Germander \\ [[Thelesperma filifolium]]- Navajo tea, stiff greenthread \\ [[Thelesperma megapotamicum]]- Navajo tea, rayless greenthread ((https://web.archive.org/web/20080509161539/http://medplant.nmsu.edu/thelesperma.shtm))\\ [[Thlaspi arvense]]- Penneycress, member of the mustard family, its leaves and seeds have a peppery-mustard flavor. \\ [[Thymbra capitatus]]- Conehead thyme, Persian Hyssop, Spanish Oregano \\ [[Thymbra spicata]]- Spike Thyme, also historically called Zaatar. \\ [[Thymus capitatus]]- Hyssop Thyme, historic records also call this the source of Zaatar.\\ [[Thymus × citriodorus]]- Lemon thyme \\ [[Thymus herba-barona]]- Caraway Thyme \\ [[Thymus pannonicus]]- Eurasian thyme, Hungarian thyme. \\ [[Thymus praecox]]- Creeping thyme \\ [[Thymus pulegioides]]- Lemon thyme, interestingly the lemon scented thyme is another species. \\ [[Thymus serpyllum]]- Serpolet, Breckland Thyme, the flowers are used for their strong scent. \\ [[Thymus thracicus]]- lavender thyme \\ [[Thymus vulgaris]]- Thyme, Common thyme \\ [[Thymus zygis]]- This species is the main source of Thyme essential oil, It has 4 chemotypes that have high quantities of thymol, linalool, carvacrol, and geraniol. \\ [[Torreya grandis]]- Chinese Nutmeg Yew, though in the yew subsection of conifers, it has edible seeds and arils that are described as nutmeg-bergamot like\\ [[Trachyspermum ammi]]- Ajwain, Thyme-Oregano like with a small amount of anise like flavor, very strong \\ [[Trachyspermum roxburghianum]]- Radhuni, a close relative to ajwain that is more parsley-celery like used in a similar manner. \\ [[Trigonella caerulea]]- Blue Fenugreek. \\ [[Trigonella foenum-graecum]]- Fenugreek \\ [[Tropaeolum majus]]- Nasturtium, all parts including seeds have a spicy horseradish/ mustard like flavor. Flowers are commonly used as a decoration for food. \\ [[Tropaeolum tuberosum]]- Mashua, The tubers are eaten as a starchy vegetable and retain some of the sharp characteristic flavor of the genus. \\ [[Turnera diffusa]]- described as spicy, fig like and also chamomile like. A relative of passionfruit from Mexico and southwestern united states\\ ===== U ===== [[Umbellularia californica]]- California Bay, a unique an indispensable spice. \\ ===== V ===== [[Valeriana celtica]]- Alpine Valerian, Spikenard Valerian, a highly aromatic valerian species from Italy and Austria, used in perfumery. \\ [[Valeriana edulis]]- Tobacco Root, Edible Valerian, its strongly scented roots are steamed for long periodsof time to mute the aroma and than eaten \\ [[Valeriana jatamansi]]- Indian Valerian, Chinese Valerian, also called Valeriana wallichii, this species is used as a replacement for Valerian essential oil. \\ [[Valeriana officinalis]]- Valerian, roots have a strong musky aroma and flavor \\ [[Valeriana sitchensis]]- Described as milder in scent than other species, the roots are eaten as an aromatic vegetable. \\ [[Valerianella locusta]]- Cornsalad, Mache, leaves have a unique musky nutty aroma and flavor, closely related to Valerian. \\ [[Vanilla planifolia]]- Common vanilla, the main species used commercially to make vanilla \\ [[Vanilla pompona]]- This is another species used to make commercial vanilla. \\ [[Vanilla odorata]]- unkown if this species makes pods that are flavorful, but it is present in the tahitensis cross. \\ [[Vanilla tahitensis]]- likely a cross between Vanilla planifolia and Vanilla odorata, names after Tahiti where it is commercially grown. ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_tahitensis)) \\ [[Verbascum blattaria]]- Moth Mullein, described at having a strong menthol flavor \\ [[Verbascum phlomoides]]- Orange Mullein \\ [[Verbascum phoeniceum]]- Purple Mullein \\ [[Verbascum sinuatum]]- Scallop Leafed Mullein, The flowers are used to flavor aperitifs \\ [[Verbascum thapsus]]- Great Mullein, leaves and flowers used to flavor alcohol\\ [[Vertebrata lanosa]]- Icelandic Truffleweed, Wrack syphon weed, Dried and used as a spice that resmebles curry powder and truffles. ((https://gallowaywildfoods.com/the-wracks-edibility-identification-distribution/)) \\ [[Viburnum lentago var fragrans]]- Sweet vibernum, Nannyberry, the leaves have a woody violet like scent to them. ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/nannyberry)) \\ [[Viola odorata]]- sweet violet, pansy, the flowers have an intense and unique floral flavor to them, the leaves have an intense earthy vegetal flavor. \\ [[Viola tricolor]]- wild pansy, leaves are like that of odorata, flowers have a more mellow vanilla like flavor. \\ [[Virola elongata]]- Virola, a spice related to nutmeg \\ [[Virola sebifera]]- Virola, a spice related to nutmeg \\ [[Vitex agnus-castus]]- Chaste, Vitex, Monksberry, this is another unique spice that is underappreciated. \\ ===== W ===== [[Warburgia salutaris]]- Pepper bark, a South African species that is reported to taste similar to cinnamon but quite bitter. \\ [[Warburgia ugandensis]]- The leaves are used in Uganda to spice food, described as similar to curry leaves \\ [[Wasabia japonica]]- Wasabi, a member of the mustard family with a unique, easily perishable, spice made from the roots. \\ [[Wurfbainia villosa]]- Often mis-attributed as Amomum villosum. Called Xiang Sha Ren (香砂仁) in Chinese herbology. Is closer to the genus Alpinia then Amomum, and uniquely has ridged pods. \\ ===== X ===== [[Xylopia aethiopica]]- Selim pepper, Grains of Selim \\ [[Xylopia striata]]- also called Selim, categorized by larger seed pods. \\ [[Xymalos monospora]]- Lemonwood, a relative to Boldo from southern Africa. \\ ===== Y ===== ===== Z ===== [[Zingiber barbatum]]- Meik-thalin \\ [[Zingiber cassumunar]]- Plai, the plai I have tried is mango like and very herbal, one other account calls it camphorous and spicy, which mine was not. ((https://www.whitelotusaromatics.com/product/plai-essential-oil)) ((https://www.floridaforaging.com/plant/zingiber-montanum))\\ [[Zingiber montanum]]- Plai, this species may be different then the one I have, being described at camphorous and spicy. ((https://www.floridaforaging.com/plant/zingiber-montanum)) \\ [[Zingiber mioga]]- Myoga, Yangha, Ranghe, the young flowers are eaten fresh and pickled, Exceptional and unique in flavor. \\ [[Zingiber officinale]]- Red Ginger. \\ [[Zingiber ottensii]]- Black Plai, questionably edible ((https://www.floridaforaging.com/plant/zingiber-ottensii)) \\ [[Zingiber spectabile]]- described as 'medicinal' \\ [[Zingiber zerumbet]]- Shampoo Ginger, Awapuhi, a Hawaiian ginger species whose flowers are used for perfumery. The bitter leaves and rhizomes are also used for spicing foods. \\ [[Zanthoxylum acanthopodium]]- Andaliman, batak \\ [[Zanthoxylum americanum]]- American Prickly Ash, Pepperwood, much like the Asian counterparts the fruits give a numbing sensation with complex citrus notes. ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/prickly-ash-pepper)) \\ [[Zanthoxylum armatum]]- Green Sichuan pepper, Timut, Timur \\ [[Zanthoxylum bungeanum]]- Red Sichuan pepper, prickly ash, \\ [[Zanthoxylum fagara]]- wild lime, unusual in that the powdered bark is used as a spice. ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_pepper))\\ [[Zanthoxylum gilletii]]- Uzazi sometimes also called Zanthoxylum tessmannii\\ [[Zanthoxylum piperitum]]- Sansho, Chopi, Japanese pepper \\ [[Zanthoxylum rhetsa]]- Teppal, Ma Khaen \\ [[Zanthoxylum schinifolium]]- Sancho, Korean pepper \\ [[Zanthoxylum simulans]]- Taiwan pepper \\ [[Ziziphora clinopodioides]]- Blue Mountain Mint, this species contains large amounts of [[pulegone]] in its essential oil, a toxic monoterpene, and it is not recommended for consumption. ((https://curiospice.com/products/ziziphora-armenian)) ((https://www.ancientpurity.com/ziziphora-essential-oil))\\ [[Zygogynum howeanum]]- Hotbark \\