===== A =====
[[Acacia]]- Wattle, The seeds of any of the 120+ species are roasted to produce a spice that is described as chocolate, hazelnut, and coffee like \\
[[Acacia coriacea]]- Desert oak, giant wattle nut, described as being roasted coffee like with strong pork like notes. ((https://www.herbies.com.au/shop/herbs-and-spices/spices/desert-oak-roasted-whole-30g/))\\
[[Acacia murrayana]]- Colony wattle, A secondary cultivated source of Wattle \\
[[Acacia victoriae]]- the main commercial source of Wattle \\

[[Acorus calamus]]- Calamus root, hotdog like flavor seldom used as spice \\ 

[[Acronychia acidula]]- Lemon Aspen, the small fruits are sour and lemon flavored. \\ 
[[Acronychia oblongifolia]]- similar to the lemon aspen but with a more orange like flavor. \\ 

[[Aframomum citratum]]- Mbongo \\
[[Aframomum corrorima]]- Korarima, Ethiopian Cardamom \\ 
[[Aframomum melegueta]]- Grains of paradise, Alligator pepper \\
[[Aframomum danielli]]- Cameroon Pepper, Grains of Peace, Alligator pepper ((https://www.terreexotique.com/grains-of-peace.html)) \\ 
Aframomum citratum, or Aframomum exscapum are all also called Alligator pepper. \\ 
[[Aframomum zambesiacum]]- Nangawo \\
 
[[Agastache cana]]- Citronella Hyssop, \\ 
[[Agastache foeniculum]]- Anise Hyssop,  \\
[[Agastache mexicana]]- Lemon Scented Hyssop, Mexican Giant Hyssop, \\ 
[[Agastache rugosa]]- Korean Mint, Banga, has a complex set of essential oils. \\
[[Agastache rupestris]]- Licorice Mint \\ 
[[Agastache scrophulariifolia]]- Aromatic Hyssop \\

[[Agathosma betulina]]- Buchu, a South Afrian herb described as minty and black current like \\ 
[[Agathosma crenulata]]- Buchu, also from South Africa and used for the same purposes. \\ 
[[Agathosma gonaquensis]]- Gonaqua Buchu \\ 
[[Agathosma serratifolia]]- Longleaf Buchu, Camphor buchu \\ 

[[Allium]]- This genus has a huge amount species that have interesting culinary values. \\ 
[[Allium ascalonicum]]- Shallot \\
[[Allium cepa]]- Onions \\
[[Allium sativum]]- Garlic \\
[[Allium schoenoprasum]]- Chive \\
[[Allium ursinum]]- Ransons, Bear garlic \\
[[Allium wallachii]]- Jimbu \\

[[Lippia citrodora|Aloysia citrodora]]- Lemon Verbena, also called Lippia citrodora. \\
[[Aloysia polystachya]]- Burrio \\
[[Aloysia virgata]]- Almond verbena \\ 
[[Aloysia wrightii]]- mint verbena, Wrights beebush, oreganillo \\ 

[[Alpinia caerulea]]- Australian native ginger, fruits are used as a souring agent, and roots and stems as a mild ginger like spice \\ 
[[Alpinia galanga]]- Greater Galangal, mostly the root is used but the seed pods called 紅豆蔻, or red cardamom are also used. \\
[[Alpinia katsumadai]]- Violet cardamom ((https://1stchineseherbs.com/a/alpinia-katsumadai-seed/)) ((https://tcmwiki.com/wiki/semen-alpiniae-katsumadai))\\
[[Alpinia officinarum]]- Lesser Galangal \\ 
[[Alpinia zerumbet]]- Shell ginger, leaves are used to wrap dumplings, unknown if rhizomes or fruits are used. May be the source of 香砂仁 ((https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/109799#touses)) ((https://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?channelid=1288&lang=en&searchword=herb_id=D01350))\\ 

[[Amomum costatum]]- or Amomum tsao-ko, is Chinese black cardamom \\
[[Amomum glabrum]] 无毛砂仁 ((http://www.fpcn.net/m/view.php?aid=8609)) \\
[[Amomum kravanh]]- White cardamom \\
[[Amomum longiligulare]]- 毛砂仁\\
[[Amomum sabulatum]]- Indian black cardamom\\
[[Amomum testaceum]]- maybe another kind of white cardamom? \\
[[Amomum villosum]]- 香砂仁 ((https://line.17qq.com/article/mhghssnky.html)) The seed pods are very unique in shape for a amomum \\
[[Amomum xanthioides]] (Amomum villosum xanthioides) called 壳砂仁\\

[[Apium graveolens]]- Celery \\
[[Apium insulare]] Flinders Island Celery \\
[[Apium prostratum]] Sea Celery \\

[[Arachis glabrata]]- Foragers peanut \\ 
[[Arachis hypogaea]]- Peanut \\
[[Arachis monticola]]- wild peanut \\
[[Arachis villosulicarpa]]- Perennial peanut \\ 

[[Araucaria angustifolia]]- Araucaria nuts \\
[[Araucaria araucana]]- Araucaria nuts \\
[[Araucaria bidwillii]]- Bunya nuts, the nuts of this conifer are aged and eaten, having a complex blue cheese like scent and flavor. \\

[[Areca catechu]]- Areca nut, betel nut, \\ 

[[Armoracia rusticana]]- Horseradish \\ 

[[Artemisia]]- this genus has a huge amount of herbs that are used for mostly bitter herbal flavoring. \\ 
[[Artemisia absinthium]]- Woodworm \\
[[Artemisia annua]]- Sweet woodworm \\
[[Artemisia abrotanum]]- Southernwood \\
[[Artemisia dracunculus]]- Tarragon \\ 
[[Artemisia papposa]]- Owyhee 
[[Artemisia pontica]]- Little wormwood, is the primary flavoring of Absinthe. \\ 
[[Artemisia princeps]]- Japanese mugwort, used to make a strong green coloration in pasteries, it also imparts an herbal flavor. \\ 
[[Artemisia verlotiorum]]- Chinese mugwort \\
[[Artemisia vulgaris]]- Mugwort \\

[[Asarum canadense]]- Canadian wild ginger, all members of Asarum contain some aristolochic acid, which is toxic, making consuming them controversial. \\ 
[[Asarum caudatum]]- Western wild ginger, historically consumed by the native people of Oregonas a spice.  \\ 
[[Asarum europaeum]]- Hazelwort, asarabacca, European wild ginger, a controversially edible rhizome. \\ 
[[Asarum hartwegii]]- Hartweg's wild ginger, grown in California for its ginger like scent. \\ 
[[Asarum maximum]]- Described as hiving the distinct scent of mushrooms \\ 
[[Asarum splendens]]- Chinese wild ginger \\ 
===== B =====
[[Backhousia angustifolia]]- Curry myrtle \\
[[Backhousia citriodora]]- Lemon myrtle, an Australian spice that has a strong lemon flavor, comparable to lemon verbena. \\ 
[[Backhousia leptopetala]]- Turpentine myrtle \\ 
[[Backhousia myrtifolia]]- Cinnamon myrtle \\ 

[[Berberis darwinii]]- Michay \\
[[Berberis microphylla]]- Calafate \\
[[Berberis vulgaris]]- Barberry. \\ 

[[Bixa orellana]]- Annatto, Achiote \\ 

[[Boesenbergia pandurata]]- Likely a synonym for fingerroot. \\
[[Boesenbergia rotunda]]- Krachai, fingerroot, a deeply herbal and medicinal tasting member of the ginger family, used in Thai cooing. \\

[[Boronia citrata]]- Lemon Boronia \\
[[Boronia citriodora]]- Lemon Scented Boronia \\
[[Boronia crenulata]]- Aniseed Boronia \\
[[Boronia megastigma]]- Scented Boronia, a flower essence is made with a flavor similar to violets or orris. \\ 
[[Boronia safrolifera]]- Sassafras Boronia. \\ 
[[Boronia serrulata]]- Rose Boronia

[[Brassica nigra]]- Black mustard seeds, one of the two main species used to make commercial mustard pastes. \\ 

[[Buchanania lanzan]]- Chironji, Charoli, wild almond, the seeds have an almond flavor and are used in a similar manner to almond seeds. \\ 

[[Bunium bulbocastanum]]- Black cumin, seems to be native closer to Europe then B. persicum. \\
[[Bunium persicum]]- Black cumin, Kara Jeera or Shah Jeera, also called [[Elwendia persica]], an extreamly underappreciated spice similar to cumin and caraway. \\


===== C =====
[[Cardamoms]]- Essay on the complexity of the various genera of cardamoms (Aframomum, Alpinia, Amomum,and Elettaria) \\

[[Calluna vulgaris ]]- Heather, brewing herb, described as lavender like, bitter and complex minty \\ 

[[Canarium album]]- Chinese white olive \\ 
[[Canarium luzonicum]]- Elemi, a complex oil that smells of fruit and turpentine\\ 
[[Canarium muelleri]]- Mangobark \\ 
[[Canarium odontophyllum]]- Dabai, another Chinese olive like fruit \\ 
[[Canarium ovatum]]- Pili Nut \\ 
[[Canarium pimela]]- Chinese black olive \\ 
[[Canarium schweinfurthii]]- African olive, a secondary source of Elemi oil \\ 

[[Canella winterana]]- White Cinnamon, From the Caribbean reported to look and taste like true cinnamon. Often confused with [[Drimys winteri]] which is from South America \\ 

[[Capsella bursa-pastoris]]- Shepherd's purse, member of the mustard family it has a peppery-mustard like flavor to the seeds and leaves. \\

[[Carum carvi]]- Caraway \\
[[Carum foetidum]]- \\
[[Carum nigrum]]- Shah Jeera, easily mixed up or perhaps the same spice as black cumin? ((https://foodsofnations.com/product/shahi-jeea-sajira-carum-nigram/))\\ 
[[Carum verticillatum]]- Whorled caraway \\

[[Carya ovata]]- sweet hickory \\

[[Ceiba pentandra]]- Kapok, Marathi Moggu, The dried flower buds are used similar to capers in Southern India, described as having a peppery flavor ((https://mangalorespice.com/products/kapok-buds-marathi-moggu))\\ 

[[Celosia argentea]] var. cristata- Cockscomb, used to produce bright red and purple colors to dye food. \\ 

[[Chamaenerion angustifolium]]- Ivan Chai, Fireweed, Willowherb, Leaves are used as a tea like drink in Russia, roots and shoots are also eaten. \\ 

[[Chimaphila maculata]]- Spotted wintergreen \\ 
[[Chimaphila umbellata]]- Pipsissewa, roots have a flavor described as similar to wintergreen \\ 

[[Chrysanthemum morifolium]]- Tea Chrysanthemum ((https://winghopfung.com/products/chrysanthemum-bud-6oz?_pos=1&_sid=9084c26ad&_ss=r)) \\

[[Chrysopogon aciculatus]]- Drylove, amorseco, \\ 
[[Chrysopogon nigritanus]]- Black vetivergrass \\
[[Chrysopogon zizanioides]]- Vetiver, a deeply woody-earthy grassy flavor that is without comparison. \\ 

[[Cichorium endivia]]- Endive, chicory, a bitter and herbal salad green, often sued as a base for dishes where the stiff leaves can be used as a vessel to hold other foods. \\ 
[[Cichorium intybus]]- Chicory, chicory root, roots are commonly roasted and ground to make a coffee flavored drink, it is often added to coffee to enhance the flavor. \\ 
[[Cichorium pumilum]]- another edible species of chicory. \\ 

[[Cinnamodendron corticosum]]- Used as a cinnamon like spice in Jamaica. \\ 

[[Cinnamomum burmannii]]- Indonesian Cinnamon, for a brakedown of species see the Gernot ((http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Cinn_bur.html))\\
[[Cinnamomum camphora]]- Camphor \\
[[Cinnamomum cassia]]- Cassia\\
[[Cinnamomum cullilawan]]- Lawang ((https://www.whitelotusaromatics.com/product/lawang-essential-oil)) ((http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/es1065091.html)) ((https://www.stillpointaromatics.com/lawang-Cinnamomon-cullilawan-essential-oil-organic-aromatherapy)) \\
[[Cinnamomum glaucescens]]- sugandha kokila, berries used ((https://www.whitelotusaromatics.com/product/sugandh-kokila-essential-oil-organic)) \\ 
[[Cinnamomum oliveri]]- Australian cinnamon species that has a high safrole content along with eugenol and camphor. \\ 
[[Cinnamomum tamala]]- Indian Bay Leaf \\ 
[[Cinnamomum loureiroi]]- Saigon or Vietnamese Cinnamon\\
[[Cinnamomum verum]]- Sri Lankan or Ceylon Cinnamon\\
Cinnamomum zeylanicum- this is a synonym of [[Cinnamomum verum]] \\

[[Cinnamosma fragrans]]- Saro, False sandalwood, greenwood, used and described as similar to cinnamon. \\ 

[[Citrus]]- On the spectacular amount of citrus species that can be used as spices. \\


[[Citrus aurantifolia]- Lime \\
[[Citrus australasica]]- Finger Lime \\
[[Citrus australis]]- Round Lime, another Australian species \\
[[Citrus bergamia]]- Bergamot\\
[[Citrus glauca]]- Desert Lime, an Australian species \\
[[Citrus hystrix]]- Makrut, Thai lime leaf this citrus is unique in the leaves are directly used as a spice as well as the fruits. \\ 
[[Citrus medica]]- Citron \\
[[Citrus sinensis]]- Orange \\
[[Citrus limon]]- Lemon \\


[[Clinopodium brownei]]- Browne's savory \\
[[Clinopodium douglasii]]- Yerba Buena, a name in common with several other herbs. \\
[[Clinopodium menthifolium]]- Wood Calamint \\ 
[[Clinopodium nepeta]]- Lesser Calamint \\ 
[[Clinopodium vulgare]]- Wild basil \\ 

[[Clitoria ternatea]]- Blue butterfly pea, used to dye foods a vibrant blue-purple color. \\

[[Cocos nucifera]]-Coconut \\

[[Cola acuminata]]- Kola Nut \\
[[Cola nitida]]- Kola Nut \\

[[Colocasia gigantea]]- Giant Taro, Gernot claims the seeds are also used as a spice. ((http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/spice_geo.html#Colocasia_gigantea)) \\
[[Colocasia esculenta]] -Taro \\ 

[[Coreopsis tinctoria]]- Kunlun Chrysanthemum, Plains coreopsis, calliopsis \\

[[Coriandrum sativum]]- Coriander, cilantro \\ 

[[Cornus amomum]]- Eastern silky dogwood, named after amomum for unknown reasons, likely because the seeds are spice like?\\

[[Crowea exalata]]- ?? ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices)) \\

[[Cryptocaria massoia]]- Massoia \\

[[Cucurbita pepo]]- Melon Seeds, commercial melon seeds \\ 

[[Cuminum cyminum]]- Cumin, the only culinary member of its genus \\ 

[[Curcuma amada]]- Mango Turmeric, named after the sour fruity smell of the rhizomes. \\ 
[[Curcuma caesia]]- Black Turmeric \\
[[Curcuma longa]]- Turmeric \\ 
[[Curcuma zedoaria]]- Zedoary \\

[[Cymbopogon]]- The whole genera is edible, most having a citrusy flavor and scent. \\
[[Cymbopogon schoenanthus]]- Described as minty and lemony \\ 
[[Cymbopogon citratus]]- Lemongrass \\ 
[[Cymbopogon martini]]- Palmarosa, Gingergrass, varies from roselike to spicy and herbal \\ 
[[Cymbopogon nardus]]- Citronella, source of commercial citronella oil \\ 
[[Cymbopogon refractus]]- Barbed wire grass, used as an herb in Australia. ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices)) \\ 


[[Cyperus articulatus]]- jointed flatsedge, priprioca, the roots are used as a earthy flavoring. \\ 
[[Cyperus esculentus]]- Tiger nut, the tubers are edible and used as a nutty flavoring. \\ 
[[Cyperus longus]]- English galingale, tubers once used as a substitute to galangal. \\  
[[Cyperus rotundus]]- Used as a bitter flavoring. \\ 
[[Cyperus scariosus]]- Cypriol, mostly used for perfume but can be used to impart a deep earth flavor, comparable to patchouli. \\ 

===== D =====
[[Dendrobium nobile]]- a controversial tea is made from the dried flowers, it has a soft green floral flavor, not all active compounds are understood. \\ 

[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]- Omubambanjobe, seeds contain geraniol ((https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-016-5254-4)) \\ 

[[Dipteryx alata]]- Baru, Baru almond \\
[[Dipteryx charapilla]]- \\
[[Dipteryx micrantha]]- \\
[[Dipteryx odorata]]- Tonka Bean \\ 

[[Doryphora sassafras]]- Golden Sassafras \\
[[Doryphora aromatica]]- Golden Spiceherb \\

[[Drimys winteri]]- Canelo, Winterbark, a spicy bark is produced that is compared to pepper, it has a unique mode of producing [[piquant]].\\

[[Dysphania ambrosioides]]- Epizote \\

===== E =====
[[Echinops giganteus]]- Cameroon globe thistle ((https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-016-5254-4)) \\ 
[[Echinops echinatus]]- Indian globe thistle \\

[[Eriodictyon californicum]]- Yerba Santa, Mountain balm, the plant contains taste modifying compounds that effect the perception of bitter flavors, similar to miracle berries. \\ 
[[Eriodictyon crassifolium]]- Thickleaf yerba santa, Described as rank \\

[[Etlingera elatior]]- Torch ginger, used in a similar manner to Myoga.\\ 
[[Etlingera fulgens]]-  Used as a substitute for torch ginger \\
[[Etlingera maingayi]]- Used as a substitute for torch ginger \\

[[Eucalyptus dives]]- Peppermint Gum ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices)) \\
[[Eucalyptus globulus]]- Tasmanian Blue Gum \\
[[Eucalyptus olida]]- Strawberry Gum \\
[[Eucalyptus polybractea]]- Blue-leaved Mallee \\
[[Eucalyptus staigeriana]]- Lemon Ironbark \\

[[Eupomatia laurina]]- Bolwarra, a myrtle whose fruits are used as spice in Australia \\ 


===== F =====

[[Ferula assa-foetida]]- Hing, Asafetida \\
[[Ferula communis]]- Laser, Giant fennel,  \\
[[Ferula cypria]]- Cyprus Fennel, \\
[[Ferula gummosa]]- Galbanum  \\
[[Ferula hermonis]]- Zallouh  \\
[[Ferula moschata]]- Sumbul, Muskroot,  \\ 
[[Ferula persica]]- Sagapenum  \\
[[Ferula tingitana]]- African ammoniacum  \\
Silphium also known as laserpicium is likely a species of Ferula \\
===== G =====
[[Galium odoratum]]- Woodruff, the leaves and stems are high in coumarin giving it a flavor similar to mahaleb and tonka beans. \\ 

[[Garcinia cambodge]]- Kudampuli, sour smokey and apparently funky fermented tasting \\
[[Garcinia indica]]- Kokum, the fruit husks are used as a fruity-souring agent and a culinary red dye. \\

[[Glycosmis pentaphylla]]- Gin berry, The seeds can be used as an herbaceous-herbal tasting spice. \\

[[Glycyrrhiza glabra]]- Licorice root \\ 

[[Guizotia abyssinica]]- Nyjer Seeds, Niger seed, similar to sunflower seeds. \\ 

===== H =====
[[Hedychium spicatum]]- Spiked ginger lily, the rhizomes are used as a spice and described as intermediate between ginger and orris. \\ 
[[Hedychium coronarium]]- Hawaiian spike ginger, edible. \\ 

[[Hemidesmus indicus]]- Indian Sarsaparilla, used as a flavoring in various carbonated drinks and candy. \\ 

[[Heracleum maximum]]- Indian celery, the young greens were eaten as a flavoring in the northwestern United States. \\ 
[[Heracleum persicum]]- Golpar, sometimes called angelica seed(an unrelated species), flavor is highly unique, resentment of Rue and angelica root. \\ 
[[Heracleum sphondylium]]- Cow parsnip, apparently the seeds have a flavor that resembles green cardamom. \\ 

[[Horsefieldia australiana]]- previously Myristica australiana, Australian spice similar to nutmeg \\
[[Horsfieldia kingii]]- A relative to nutmeg, described as similar in many ways ((http://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/mn_nutmeg.html)) \\

[[Houttuynia cordata]]- Rap ka, chameleon herb, copper herb, the leaves and rhizomes are eaten \\  

[[Hyssopus officinalis]]- Hyssop, \\
===== I =====
Ilex, only these 4 species are confirmed to be edible as far as I know, all other species are likely highly toxic. \\ 
[[Ilex guayusa]]- Guayusa, widely consumed in South America especially along the Andes mountain range. \\
[[Ilex kaushue]]- Kuding, an overwhelmingly bittering agent that also contains a large amount of caffeine. \\ 
[[Ilex paraguariensis]]- Yerba Mate, another common South American drink that is used in a similar way to tea. \\ 
[[Ilex vomitoria]]- Yaupon, Cassina, a North American species also used to make a caffeinated tea like drink, has a malty-herbal complex flavor \\ 

Illicium anisatum- Is a highly toxic relavtive to star anise that can even have a similar spiced scent. All other members in the genus Illicium except verum are toxic. \\
[[Illicium verum]]- Star Anise \\
===== J =====
[[Jumellea fragrans]]- Faham, an orchid from Mauritius used to make herbal infusions, has a floral honey quality, historically used like vanilla. ((http://www.orchidspecies.com/jumfragrans.htm)) \\ 

[[Juniperus communis]]- Common juniper, the cones are used as a bitter coniferous flavor. \\
[[Juniperus monosperma]]- Cones are traditionally eaten by the Navajo \\
[[Juniperus virginiana]]- American juniper, used the same as juniper berries. \\



===== K =====
[[Kaempferia galanga]]- Kencur, sand ginger, a camphorous and medicinal member of the ginger family. \\ 
[[Kaempferia parviflora]]- Thai black ginger, Krachai dum, used much like kencur, considered a aphrodisiac. \\ 

[[Kunzea ambigua]]- White Kunzea, a spice with a similarity to Callistemon or Melaleuca\\ 
[[Kunzea pomifera]]- Muntries, berries are used as a spice. \\
[[Kunzea robusta]]- Manuka, leaves are used to make essential oil, close to the flavor of tea tree. \\
===== L =====
[[Lantana]]- though many species have strong lemony and herbal scents, all species are poisonous as far as I know. \\ 

[[Laurus nobilis]]- Bay Laurel \\ 

[[Lepidium]]- Almost all species of Lepidium are edible, called peppercress, peppergrass, and pepperwort. Part of the mustard family they have a peppery-mustard flavor to the seeds and leaves. \\
[[Lepidium meyenii]]- Maca, the root is used to make a musty tasting spice as well as a medicine \\
[[Lepidium sativum]]- Garden Cress, used as a peppery mustard like leaf vegetable \\

[[Leptotes bicolor]]- A relative of vanilla that also has flavorful seed pods. \\ 

[[Levisticum officinale]]- Lovage \\

[[Limnophila aromatica]]- Rice patty herb, Rau om, another highly underappreciated herb \\ 

[[Lindera aggregata]]- Japanese spicebush \\ 
[[Lindera benzoin]]- Spicebush \\
[[Lindera melissifolia]]- Southern spicebush \\ 
[[Lindera neesiana]]- Pepperbush, Sil-timur Berry ((https://www.terreexotique.com/gift-box-a-journey-through-the-land-of-peppers-no-1.html)) \\ 

[[Lippia abyssinica]]- Koseret, Widely used in Ethiopia it has a minty eucalyptus like flavor. \\
[[Lippia alba]]- ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippia_alba)) \\ 
[[Lippia citriodora]]- Lemon Verbena. \\ 
[[Lippia graveolens]]- Mexican Oregano \\
[[Lippia micromera]]- Spanish Thyme, used in the Caribbean much like Mexican Oregano. \\ 
[[Lippia palmeri]]- Xomcahiift \\

[[Litsea cubeba]]- mountain pepper, produces a strong lemon scent \\ 
[[Litsea glaucescens]]- Mexican bay leaves \\
[[Litsea glutinosa]]- unknown \\
 
[[Lodoicea maldivica]]- Coco de mer \\ 

[[Lysimachia foenum-graecum]] 灵香草 ling xiang cao ((http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200017018)) \\ 


===== M =====
[[Macadamia integrifolia]]- Queensland Nut, smooth shelled macadamia. \\
[[Macadamia ternifolia]]- \\
[[Macadamia tetraphylla]]- rough shelled Macadamia \\

[[Magnolias]]- Essay on the various magnolia species. \\ 
[[Magnolia grandiflora]]- the flowers and buds are used to make a floral lemon flavor. \\ 

[[Melaleuca quinquenervia]]- Broad-leaf Paperbark ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices)) \\
[[Melaleuca leucadendron]]- Weeping Paperbark \\

[[Mint]]- There are a huge amount of minty plants \\ 
[[Mentha australis]]- River Mint \\
[[Mentha diemenica]]- Slender Mint \\
[[Mentha saturioides]]- ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices))\\

[[Monarda citriodora]]- lemon beebalm, lemon mint \\
[[Monarda clinopodia]]- white bergamot, basil beebalm \\
[[Monarda clinopodioides]]- basil beebalm \\ 
[[Monarda didyma]]- Oswego tea, fragrant balm \\
[[Monarda fistulosa]]- Wild bergamot, beebalm, tastes like caraway and thyme and not much like bergamot citrus. \\  
[[Monarda punctata]]- spotted beebalm, thyme beebalm \\

[[Mondia whitei]]- says its a spice in Africa.. dubious \\ 

[[Monodora myristica]]- Calabash nutmeg, Ehuru, Acrican nutmeg, a species in the Annonaceae family with a nutmeg like flavor. ((does it have annonacin?)) \\ 

[[Murraya koenigii]]- Curry leaves \\ 
[[Murraya paniculata]]- Jasmine Orange, leaves and fruits are edible \\

[[Myrica gale]]- Gale, sweetgale, bog myrtle.  \\ 
[[Myrica rubra]]- Yumberry, bayberry, the fruits are using to add a fruity sweet flavor to soups. \\ 

[[Myristica argentea]]- Long nutmeg, Macassar nutmeg, horse nutmeg, used as a nutmeg replacement. \\
[[Myristica fatua]]- Used as an replacement for nutmeg \\
[[Myristica fragrans]]- True nutmeg and Mace \\ 
[[Myristica impressinerva]]- unknown ((https://doctorlib.info/herbal/encyclopedia-psychoactive-plants-ethnopharmacology/76.html))\\ 
[[Myristica iners]]-- Unknown ((https://doctorlib.info/herbal/encyclopedia-psychoactive-plants-ethnopharmacology/76.html))\\
[[Myristica insipida]]- Australian spice similar to nutmeg \\
[[Myristica malabarica]]- Kattujathi, Rampatri, Malabar Nutmeg, Bombay mace, a native to India with similar properties to nutmeg and mace, likely unique\\
[[Myristica malaccensis]]- Unknown ((https://doctorlib.info/herbal/encyclopedia-psychoactive-plants-ethnopharmacology/76.html))\\
[[Myristica speciosa]]- Used as an replacement for nutmeg \\
[[Myristica succedanea]]- Batjang Nutmeg, used as a replacement for nutmeg \\ 
[[Myristica umbellata]]- Unknown ((https://doctorlib.info/herbal/encyclopedia-psychoactive-plants-ethnopharmacology/76.html))\\

[[Myrtus communis]]- Myrtle leaves\\ 
[[Myrtus nivellei]]- Saharan myrtle \\


===== N =====
[[Nardostachys chinensis]]- Chinese Spikenard \\
[[Nardostachys jatamansi]]- Spikenard, muskroot, Fleabane \\

[[Nigella damascena]]- is often confused with Nigella sativa, demascana contains alkaloids making consuming the seeds controversial. \\ 
[[Nigella sativa]]- Nigella, Kalonji \\
===== O =====
[[Ocimum × africanum]]- Lemon basil, a cross between O. americanum and O. basilicum \\
[[Ocimum basilicum]]- Sweet Basil, common European basil \\ 
[[Ocimum campechianum]]- ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocimum_campechianum))\\
[[Ocimum × citriodorum]]- Lemon Basil, same as Ocimum × africanum. \\
[[Ocimum gratissimum]]- Clove basil \\ 
[[Ocimum kilimandscharicum]]- Camphor Basil \\ 
[[Ocimum kilimandscharicum × basilicum]]- African Blue basil, an odd cross that behaves as a perennial. \\ 
[[Ocimum minimum]]- mini Basil, Bush basil \\ 
[[Ocimum tenuiflorum]]- Holy Basil \\

[[Ocotea pretiosa]]- South american cinnamon, these trees are describes as having bark with a cinnamon taste \\
[[Ocotea quixos]]- South american cinnamon, these trees are describes as having bark with a cinnamon taste \\
[[Ocotea sassafras]]- The bark is high in safrole. \\ 

[[Olea capensis]]- Black Ironwood \\
[[Olea europaea]]- European olive. The leaves are also used as an unusual spice. \\ 

[[Osmanthus fragrans]]- Osmanthus, the flowers are used to impart a strong floral-apricot flavor. \\
===== P =====
[[Palmaria palmata]]- red dulse, and edible [[seaweed]] with a strong savory flavor to it. \\ 

[[Pandanus amaryllifolius]]- Pandan leaves, used to impart a specific sweet vanilla-bread like flavor and often a green coloration.\\ 
[[Pandanus julianettii]]- Karuka, pandan nut, this species is unusual as the seeds are roasted and used much like other nuts. \\ 
[[Pandanus odoratissimus]]- Kewra, The flowers are used in a water form much like rose water and orange blossom water. \\
[[Pandanus odorifer]]- another name for Kewra, same species. \\ 
[[Pandanus tectorius]]- thatch screwpine, less aromatic, but still scented leaves.  \\
[[Pandanus utilis]]- Common screwpine, less aromatic, but still scented leaves. \\

[[Papaver hybridum]]- An unknown species of poppy described by Pliny the Elder, included only in the historical record. \\ 
[[Papaver orientale]]- Oriental poppy, used for seeds \\ 
[[Papaver rhoeas]]- Intermediate poppy, used for seeds \\ 
[[Papaver somniferum]]- Poppy seeds. \\ 

[[Parmotrema perlatum]]- Kalpasi, quite unusual as its a lichen used as a enigmatic spice widely in India. \\ 

[[Pastinaca sativa]]- Parsnip \\ 

[[Peganum harmala]]- Wild Rue, seeds are eaten and sued as incense, apparently can be hallucinogenic as well. \\ 

[[Pentaclethra macrophylla]]- Ugba ((https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276239015_Evolution_of_Volatile_Flavour_Compounds_during_Fermentation_of_African_Oil_Bean_Pentaclethra_macrophylla_Benth_Seeds_for_Ugba_Production)) \\

[[Persea americana]]- Avacado, the leaves and bark are used mildly as spices \\
[[Persea drimy­folia]]- Mexican Avacado, the leaves have a strong safrole clove like flavor \\ 

[[Petroselinum crispum]]- Parsley \\

[[Persicaria hydropiper]]- Tade, Japense water pepper, \\
[[Persicaria hydropiperoides]]- False Water pepper \\
[[Persicaria maculosa]]- \\ 
[[Persicaria odorata]]- rau răm, Vietnamese coriander, Laksa mint, \\

[[Peumus boldus]]- Boldo leaves, one of the most overlooked spices \\ 

[[Phyla dulcis]]- Aztec Sweet Herb, has a strong sweetening effect. \\

[[Pimenta dioica]]- Allspice, the berries as well as the leaves and bark can be used as spices. \\ 
[[Pimenta racemosa]]- West Indian Bay, Bay Rum, used to flavor alcohols and perfumes. \\ 

[[Pinus]]- All soecies of pine are edible with Ponderosa, Monterey, and lodgepole pine considered by some to be exceptions ((https://www.quora.com/What-species-of-pine-tree-are-poisonous-to-humans-if-ingested)) \\

[[Pipers]]- Essay on the various species of pepper in the genus Piper. \\
[[Piper aduncum]]- Matico, spiked pepper, leaves and fruits are used, often compared to long pepper. \\ 
[[Piper auritum]]- Hoja Santa, rootbeer leaf, the leaves are essential to mole verde and used and impart a [[safrole]] heavy rootbeer like flavor. \\ 
[[Piper betle]]- Betel leaves, used as a stimulant as well as a spice. \\
[[Piper borbonense]]- Voatsiperifery, similar to cubeb. \\
[[Piper capense]]- African long pepper, timiz, commonoly used in Ethiopia. \\ 
[[Piper chaba]]- Choi Jhal, the roots, leaves and stems are used for their extreme [[piquant]] pungency. \\
[[Piper cubeba]]- Cubeb \\
[[Piper excelsum]]- Kawakawa, intermediate between pepper and Kava, roots, leaves, and berries are used as a bitter spice. \\ 
[[Piper guineense]]- Azizi pepper, Ashanti pepper, both the fruits and leaves are used, i t is often compared to cubeb, essential to many African dishes. ((https://www.ebay.com/itm/Dried-Uziza-Leaves-1-6oz/273861804658)) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_guineense)) ((https://www.amazon.com/Pimienta-Guinea-africana-paradise-genuine/dp/B077D45RNY/147-2950104-0682848?psc=1)) \\
[[Piper hooglandii]]- An Australian island (Lord Howe Island) species that is reported to be used like Kavakava, it also has pungent berries. \\ 
[[Piper kadsura]]- Japanese pepper, leaves and fruits used as a bitter spice. \\ 
[[Piper methysticum]]- Kavakava, the roots and leaves are occasionally used as a spice. \\  
[[Piper mullesua]]- Assam pepper, ((https://www.terreexotique.com/poivre-d-assam.html)) \\ 
[[Piper nigrum]]- Black pepper \\ 
[[Piper retrofractum]]- Indonesian Long Pepper ((https://www.ebay.com/itm/Organic-Long-Pepper-javanese-Piper-Retrofractum-2-oz/274461680953))\\
Piper sanctum- Another name for Hoja Santa [[Piper auritum]]\\
[[Piper sarmentosum]]- Lolot, the leaves are used as a spice in southeast asian cooking. \\ 
[[Piper longum]]- Long Pepper, pipli, the roots are called Ganthoda. \\

[[Pistacia lentiscus]]- Mastic, the resin with a strong turpentine like flavor. \\
[[Pistacia terebinthus]]- Turpentine, the original was made from the resin of this tree. \\ 
[[Pistacia vera]]- Pistachio \\ 

[[Prostanthera]]- All species in this Australian genus have some amount of Piperitone in their leaves giving the plants a minty flavor. \\ 
[[Prostanthera cuneata]]- ((https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5MeCrEhum0))\\
[[Prostanthera incisa]]- Cut leaf mint bush \\ 
[[Prostanthera melissifolia]]- Balm mint bush \\ 
[[Prostanthera ovalifolia]]- ((https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5MeCrEhum0))\\
[[Prostanthera rotundifolia]]- round leaf mint bush ((https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5MeCrEhum0))\\

[[Prunus dulcis]]- Almonds \\ 
[[Prunus mahaleb]]- Mahaleb, can be compared in flavor to Tonka Beans. \\ 

[[Pseudowintera axillaris]]- Lowland horopito \\
[[Pseudowintera colorata]]- Mountain horopito, pepperwood tree, leaves and bark used in new Zealand for their pepper like [[piquant]].\\
[[Pseudowintera traversii]]- Travers horopito \\

[[Punica granatum]]- Pomegranate seeds. \\
[[Punica protopunica]]- Socotran pomegranate \\

[[Pyropia]]- nori, almost every species is used to make nori or various flavoring uses. \\ 

===== Q =====
[[Quercus emoryi]]- Sweet acorn \\ 

===== R =====
[[Ricinodendron heudelotii]]- Mongongo, Njangsa, The oily seeds are ground to a paste used to flavor dishes across west and tropical Africa. \\ 

[[Rosa acicularis]]- Prickly rose, arctic rose \\ 
[[Rosa × alba]]- \\
[[Rosa bracteata]]- \\
[[Rosa canina]]- Dog rose \\ 
[[Rosa × centifolia]]- Rose de Mai \\
[[Rosa chinensis]]- China Rose \\
[[Rosa damascena]]- Rose \\
[[Rosa gallica]]- Apothecary rose \\
[[Rosa odorata]]- Tea Scented Rose, a Chinese species of rose used to make an aromatic tea. \\ 
[[Rosa majalis]]- Cinnamon rose \\ 
[[Rosa moschata]]- Musk rose \\ 
[[Rosa nutkana]]-Wild rose, Nootka rose, bristly rose \\
[[Rosa primula]]- Incense rose \\ 
[[Rosa rubiginosa]]- Sweet briar, petals used to make tea \\
[[Rosa rugosa]]- Japanese rose, Rugosa rose, beach rose, used to make petal jam for its intense fragrance. \\ 

[[Rumex acetosa]]- Sorrel \\
[[Rumex acetosella]]- Red sorrel \\ 
[[Rumex arcticus]]- Actic Dock \\
[[Rumex crispus]]- Curly dock, also high in oxalic acid. \\
[[Rumex hastatulus]]- Questionably edible, high in oxalic acid. \\
[[Rumex hymenosepalus]]- \\
[[Rumex maritimus]]- \\
[[Rumex obtusifolius]]- Bitter Dock \\ 
[[Rumex occidentalis]]- Western dock \\
[[Rumex patientia]]- \\
[[Rumex sagittatus]]- Rambling dock \\
[[Rumex scutatus]]- French Sorrel \\
[[Rumex spinosus]]- \\
[[Rumex venosus]]- \\ 

[[Ruta graveolens]]- Rue, leaves are bitter and unique tasting, berries are peppery, a notably underappreciated spice \\ 
[[Ruta chalepensis]]- Fringed rue, Ethiopian rue, the leaves and berries are commonly used in Ethiopian cuisine ((https://www.davidvanille.com/en/rare-peppers/133-passion-fruit-pepper-ethiopia.html)) \\
===== S =====
Edible [[seaweed]], every species of Saccharina is edible. \\
[[Saccharina japonica]]- kombu \\
[[Saccharina latissima]]- sugar kelp \\

[[Salvia miltiorrhiza]]- Likely the leaves can be used as a spice ((http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rs1678031.html))\\

[[Sanguisorba canadensis]]- Canadian burnet \\
[[Sanguisorba minor]]- Salad Burnet, described as having a cucumber like flavor \\
[[Sanguisorba officinalis]] \\ 

[[Sassafras albidum]]- Sassafras \\ 

[[Satureja hortensis]]- Summer savory \\ 
[[Satureja thymbra]]- Savory of Crete, Roman Hyssop \\ 
[[Satureja montana]]- Winter savory \\

[[Schinus molle]]- Peruvian pink pepper Tree, often called California pink pepper \\
[[Schinus terebinthifolius]]- Brazilian pink pepper tree, often called California pink pepper \\

[[Schisandra chinensis]]- Five flavor berry, 雞蛋花, fruits have an unusual sweet spicy flavor. \\ 

[[Sedum acre]]- goldmoss stonecrop, leaves have a large amount of piperidine in them. \\ 
[[Sedum divergens]] \\
[[Sedum reflexum]]- Reflexed stonecrop \\

[[Sesamum indicum]]- Sesame seeds. \\ 

[[Sinapis alba]]- White Mustard, one of two primary seed used to make mustard pastes. \\ 

[[Smyrnium olusatrum]]- Alexanders, described as an intermediate between celery and parsley, the berries are notable as having a unique flavor similar to truffles ((https://www.terreexotique.com/alexanders.html)) \\ 

[[Solanum centrale]]- Australian bush tomato \\ 

[[Syzygium anisatum]]- Anise Myrtle, an Australian spice. \\ 
[[Syzygium aromaticum]]- Cloves, the flower buds, berries, bark and leaves all can be used for spices. \\ 
[[Syzygium polyanthum]]- Indonesian Bay Leaf, \\


===== T =====
[[Tagetes lucida]]- Mexican tarragon \\ 

[[Tamarindus indica]]- Tamarind \\ 

[[Tasmannia insipida]]- Brush Pepperbush, \\
[[Tasmannia lanceolata]]- Mountain Pepperbush, Tasmanian pepper, has safrole and Polygodial, which is a piquant compound\\
[[Tasmannia stipitata]]- Dorrigo Pepperbush, described as woody-cinnamon ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmannia_stipitata#cite_note-3))\\
[[Tasmannia xerophila]]- Alpine Pepperbush \\

[[Thelesperma filifolium]]- Navajo tea, stiff greenthread \\
[[Thelesperma megapotamicum]]- Navajo tea, rayless greenthread ((https://web.archive.org/web/20080509161539/http://medplant.nmsu.edu/thelesperma.shtm))\\ 

[[Thlaspi arvense]]- Penneycress, member of the mustard family, its leaves and seeds have a peppery-mustard flavor. \\ 

[[Thymus capitatus]]- Hyssop Thyme, \\
[[Thymus herba-barona]]- Caraway Thyme \\ 
[[Thymus pannonicus]]- Eurasian thyme, Hungarian thyme. \\ 
[[Thymus praecox]]- Creeping thyme \\ 
[[Thymus pulegioides]]- Lemon thyme, interestingly the lemon scented thyme is another species. \\ 
[[Thymus × citriodorus]]- Lemon thyme \\
[[Thymus thracicus]]- lavender thyme \\ 
[[Thymus vulgaris]]- Thyme, Common thyme \\

[[Trachyspermum ammi]]- Ajwain, Thyme-Oregano like with a small amount of anise like flavor, very strong \\ 
[[Trachyspermum roxburghianum]]- Radhuni, a close relative to ajwain that is more parsley-celery like used in a similar manner. \\ 

[[Trigonella caerulea]]- Blue Fenugreek. \\ 
[[Trigonella foenum-graecum]]- Fenugreek \\ 
===== U =====
[[Umbellularia californica]]- California Bay, a unique an indispensable spice. \\ 

===== V =====
[[Vanilla planifolia]]- Common vanilla, the main species used commercially to make vanilla \\
[[Vanilla pompona]]- This is another species used to make commercial vanilla. \\ 
[[Vanilla odorata]]- unkown if this species makes pods that are flavorful, but it is present in the tahitensis cross. \\ 
[[Vanilla tahitensis]]- likely a cross between Vanilla planifolia and Vanilla odorata, names after Tahiti where it is commercially grown. ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_tahitensis)) \\ 

[[Virola elongata]]- Virola, a spice related to nutmeg \\
[[Virola sebifera]]- Virola, a spice related to nutmeg \\

[[Vitex agnus-castus]]- Chaste, Vitex, Monksberry, this is another unique spice that is underappreciated. \\ 



===== W =====
[[Warburgia salutaris]]- Pepper bark, a South African species that is reported to taste similar to cinnamon but quite bitter. \\ 
[[Warburgia ugandensis]]- The leaves are used in Uganda to spice food, described as similar to curry leaves \\ 

[[Wasabia japonica]]- Wasabi, a member of the mustard family with a unique, easily perishable, spice made from the roots. \\ 

===== X =====

[[Xylopia aethiopica]]- Selim pepper, Grains of Selim \\ 
[[Xylopia striata]]- also called Selim, categorized by larger seed pods. \\ 

[[Xymalos monospora]]- Lemonwood, a relative to Boldo from southern Africa. \\ 
===== Y =====


===== Z =====
[[Zingiber cassumunar]]- Plai ((https://www.whitelotusaromatics.com/product/plai-essential-oil)) \\
[[Zingiber officinale]]- Red Ginger. \\ 
[[Zingiber spectabile]]- described as 'medicinal' \\ 

[[Zanthoxylum acanthopodium]]- Andaliman, batak \\
[[Zanthoxylum armatum]]- Green Sichuan pepper, Timut, Timur \\
[[Zanthoxylum bungeanum]]- Red Sichuan pepper, prickly ash, \\
[[Zanthoxylum fagara]]- wild lime, unusual in that the powdered bark is used as a spice. ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_pepper))\\ 
[[Zanthoxylum piperitum]]- Sansho, Chopi, Japanese pepper \\
[[Zanthoxylum rhetsa]]- Teppal, Ma Khaen \\
[[Zanthoxylum schinifolium]]- Sancho, Korean pepper \\
[[Zanthoxylum simulans]]- Taiwan pepper \\
[[Zanthoxylum tessmannii]]- Uzazi \\

[[Zygogynum howeanum]]- Hotbark \\ 