latin_alphabetical [Botanical Flavor Index]

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===== A =====
[[Abies balsamea]]- Fir Balsam, Has a fresh citrus piney like flavor profile. \\
[[Abies spectabilis]]- Bhutan Fir, used in Chinese medicine \\
[[Abies sibirica]]- Siberian Fir, Used widely in perfumery and as a flavoring in colas. \\ 

[[Acacia]]- Wattle, The seeds of any of the 120+ species are roasted to produce a spice that is described as chocolate, hazelnut, and coffee like \\
[[Acacia coriacea]]- Desert oak, giant wattle nut, described as being roasted coffee like with strong pork like notes. ((https://www.herbies.com.au/shop/herbs-and-spices/spices/desert-oak-roasted-whole-30g/))\\
[[Acacia murrayana]]- Colony wattle, A secondary cultivated source of Wattle \\
[[Acacia victoriae]]- the main commercial source of Wattle \\

[[Achillea ageratum]]- Sweet Yarrow, English Mace. Historically used in gruit (spices for bittering beer) and in fumigants to remove pest insects. \\
[[Achillea millefolium]]- Yarrow. \\ 

[[Acmella oleracea]]- Toothache plant, electric daisy, Contains a compound much like prickly ash ((I need to sort out all the listings on this website! https://www.pullupyourplants.com/archive/electricdaisy)) \\

[[Acorus calamus]]- Calamus root, hotdog like flavor seldom used as spice \\ 

[[Acronychia acidula]]- Lemon Aspen, the small fruits are sour and lemon flavored. \\ 
[[Acronychia oblongifolia]]- similar to the lemon aspen but with a more orange like flavor. \\ 

[[Aframomum citratum]]- Mbongo \\
[[Aframomum corrorima]]- Korarima, Ethiopian Cardamom \\ 
[[Aframomum danielli]]- Cameroon Pepper, Grains of Peace, Alligator pepper ((https://www.terreexotique.com/grains-of-peace.html)) \\ 
Aframomum citratum, or Aframomum exscapum are all also called Alligator pepper. \\ 
[[Aframomum melegueta]]- Grains of paradise, Alligator pepper \\
[[Aframomum subsericeum]]- Ataiko, Rohojie, compared to Aframomum corrorima with a green cardamom like flavor profile. \\ 
[[Aframomum zambesiacum]]- Nangawo \\
 
[[Agastache cana]]- Citronella Hyssop, \\ 
[[Agastache foeniculum]]- Anise Hyssop,  \\
[[Agastache mexicana]]- Lemon Scented Hyssop, Mexican Giant Hyssop, \\ 
[[Agastache rugosa]]- Korean Mint, Banga, has a complex set of essential oils. \\
[[Agastache rupestris]]- Licorice Mint \\ 
[[Agastache scrophulariifolia]]- Aromatic Hyssop \\

[[Agathosma betulina]]- Buchu, a South Afrian herb described as minty and black current like \\ 
[[Agathosma crenulata]]- Buchu, also from South Africa and used for the same purposes. \\ 
[[Agathosma gonaquensis]]- Gonaqua Buchu \\ 
[[Agathosma serratifolia]]- Longleaf Buchu, Camphor buchu \\ 

[[Allium]]- This genus has a huge amount species that have interesting culinary values. \\ 
[[Allium ascalonicum]]- Shallot \\
[[Allium cepa]]- Onions \\
[[Allium sativum]]- Garlic \\
[[Allium schoenoprasum]]- Chive \\
[[Allium ursinum]]- Ransons, Bear garlic \\
[[Allium wallachii]]- Jimbu \\

[[Alnus alnobetula subsp. fruticosa]]- Alnus viridus, Green Alder Pepper, catkins have a bitter peppery aroma and taste ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/green-alder-pepper)) \\

[[Lippia citrodora|Aloysia citrodora]]- Lemon Verbena, also called Lippia citrodora. \\
[[Aloysia polystachya]]- Burrio \\
[[Aloysia virgata]]- Almond verbena \\ 
[[Aloysia wrightii]]- mint verbena, Wrights beebush, oreganillo \\ 

[[Alpinia caerulea]]- Australian native ginger, fruits are used as a souring agent, and roots and stems as a mild ginger like spice \\ 
[[Alpinia galanga]]- Greater Galangal, mostly the root is used but the seed pods called Hong Dou Kou (紅豆蔻), or red cardamom are also used. ((https://tcmwiki.com/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E8%B1%86%E8%94%BB)) \\
[[Alpinia katsumadai]]- Violet cardamom, called Cao Dou Kou (草豆蔻) and Xiao Cao Kou (大草蔻) ((https://1stchineseherbs.com/a/alpinia-katsumadai-seed/)) ((https://tcmwiki.com/wiki/semen-alpiniae-katsumadai)) ((https://tcmwiki.com/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E8%B1%86%E8%94%BB))\\
[[Alpinia officinarum]]- Lesser Galangal \\ 
[[Alpinia oxyphylla]]-Sharpleaf galangal, bitter galangal, Yi Zhi Ren(益智仁) seed pods used. ((https://tcmwiki.com/wiki/sharpleaf-galangal-fruit)) \\ 
[[Alpinia zerumbet]]- Shell ginger, leaves are used to wrap dumplings, rhizomes and the fruits called Xiao Cao Kou (大草蔻) are used. ((https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/109799#touses)) ((https://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?channelid=1288&lang=en&searchword=herb_id=D01350))\\ 

[[Amomum compactum]]- Round Cardamom, seeds used as a spice in java, young shoots used as a culinary herb as well. ((https://www.rarepalmseeds.com/amomum-compactum)) \\ 
[[Amomum costatum]]- or Amomum tsao-ko, is Chinese black cardamom. Called Tsaoko, Cao Guo (草果). \\
[[Amomum glabrum]] 无毛砂仁 ((http://www.fpcn.net/m/view.php?aid=8609)) \\
[[Amomum kravanh]]- White cardamom, common in Thai cooking. Called Bai Dou Kou (白豆蔻). \\
[[Amomum longiligulare]]- called Mo Sha Ren 毛砂仁 ((https://tcmwiki.com/wiki/%E7%A0%82%E4%BB%81))\\
[[Amomum maximum]]- Java Cardamom, a species native to Java, young flowers eaten, seeds have comparable properties to other black cardamoms.((https://www.rarepalmseeds.com/amomum-maximum))((https://www.tradewindsfruit.com/amomum-maximum-java-cardamom-seeds))\\ 
[[Amomum sabulatum]]- Indian black cardamom\\
[[Amomum testaceum]]- maybe another kind of white cardamom? \\
[[Amomum villosum]]- 香砂仁, this species has woolly pods, not ridged pods. A better name might simply be sha ren (砂仁) as 春砂仁 is used for [[Wurfbainia villosa]] which has ridged pods.((https://line.17qq.com/article/mhghssnky.html)) ((https://www.drugs.com/npp/sha-ren.html))\\
[[Amomum xanthioides]] (Amomum villosum xanthioides) called 壳砂仁\\

[[Andrographis paniculata]]- Green Chiretta, Creat, used to flavor alcohol in Cambodia ((https://www.tradewindsfruit.com/andrographis-paniculata-andrographis-seeds)) \\ 

[[Angelica acutiloba]]- dāngguī 东洋, Toki, \\
[[Angelica archangelica]]- described as musky, floral, and vegetal. contains cyclopentadecanolide unique natural musk. Main species intended when something is called Angelica or Angelica root.  ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/wild-angelica-seeds)) \\
[[Angelica atropurpurea]]- Purple angelica, American Alexanders, masterwort, stems were burnt along with tobacco for smoking \\
[[Angelica dahurica]]- bai zhi 白芷, \\
[[Angelica gigas]]- Dangquai, Korean angelica, seems to be primarily used in medicine \\
[[Angelica glauca]]- Chippe, Gandhrain, Commonly used for its essential oil. The roots are used as a spice and it is used to flavor liqueur.\\
[[Angelica keiskei]]- Ashitaba, all parts are widely used in japan as a flavoring agent and vegetable. \\

[[Anthoxanthum odoratum]]- Vanilla Grass, Sweet Vernal Grass, this species produces [[coumarin]] and benzoic acid when the leaves are dried. \\ 
[[Anthoxanthum nitens]]- Vanilla Grass, Sweet Grass, also called Hierochloe odorata, contains [[coumarin]]. \\ 

[[Apium graveolens]]- Celery \\
[[Apium insulare]] Flinders Island Celery \\
[[Apium prostratum]] Sea Celery \\

[[Aponogeton distachyos]]- Waterblommetjie, Cape pondweed, The flowers are used as a floral scented flavoring agent and vegetable. ((https://taste.co.za/glossary/waterblommetjies/))\\ 

[[Arachis glabrata]]- Foragers peanut \\ 
[[Arachis hypogaea]]- Peanut \\
[[Arachis monticola]]- wild peanut \\
[[Arachis villosulicarpa]]- Perennial peanut \\ 

[[Aralia californica]]- Elk Clover, California Spikenard, used to produce herbal flavors \\ 
[[Aralia cordata]]- Japanese Spikenard, used as a vegetable and for its unusual flavored resin. \\ 
[[Aralia elata]]- Japanese Angelica Tree, used in a similar manner to Aralia cordata \\ 
[[Aralia nudicaulis]]- False Sarsaparilla, Wild Sarsaparilla, a temperate growing used for flavoring that is described as similar to Smilax species. \\ 

[[Araucaria angustifolia]]- Araucaria nuts \\
[[Araucaria araucana]]- Araucaria nuts \\
[[Araucaria bidwillii]]- Bunya nuts, the nuts of this conifer are aged and eaten, having a complex blue cheese like scent and flavor. \\

[[Areca catechu]]- Areca nut, betel nut, \\ 

[[Armoracia rusticana]]- Horseradish \\ 

[[Artemisia]]- this genus has a huge amount of herbs that are used for mostly bitter herbal flavoring, seemingly all species are aromatic. \\ 
[[Artemisia absinthium]]- Woodworm \\
[[Artemisia annua]]- Sweet woodworm \\
[[Artemisia abrotanum]]- Southernwood \\
[[Artemisia dracunculus]]- Tarragon \\ 
[[Artemisia ludoviciana]]- White Sagebrush, distillations of this plant are used in some gin and amaro recipes \\
[[Artemisia papposa]]- Owyhee 
[[Artemisia pontica]]- Little wormwood, is the primary flavoring of Absinthe. \\ 
[[Artemisia princeps]]- Japanese mugwort, used to make a strong green coloration in pasteries, it also imparts an herbal flavor. \\ 
[[Artemisia verlotiorum]]- Chinese mugwort \\
[[Artemisia vulgaris]]- Mugwort \\

[[Asarum canadense]]- Canadian wild ginger, all members of Asarum contain some aristolochic acid, which is toxic, making consuming them controversial. \\ 
[[Asarum caudatum]]- Western wild ginger, historically consumed by the native people of Oregonas a spice.  \\ 
[[Asarum europaeum]]- Hazelwort, asarabacca, European wild ginger, a controversially edible rhizome. \\ 
[[Asarum hartwegii]]- Hartweg's wild ginger, grown in California for its ginger like scent. \\ 
[[Asarum maximum]]- Described as hiving the distinct scent of mushrooms \\ 
[[Asarum splendens]]- Chinese wild ginger \\ 
===== B =====
[[Backhousia angustifolia]]- Curry myrtle \\
[[Backhousia citriodora]]- Lemon myrtle, an Australian spice that has a strong lemon flavor, comparable to lemon verbena. \\ 
[[Backhousia leptopetala]]- Turpentine myrtle \\ 
[[Backhousia myrtifolia]]- Cinnamon myrtle \\ 

[[Ballota nigra]]- Black horehound, for white horehound see [[Marrubium vulgare]] \\

[[Bassia prostrata]]- Kochia \\
[[Bassia scoparia]]- Tonburi, the seeds are used to make a caviar like dish which is compared to the flavor of capers. \\ 

[[Beilschmiedia mannii]]- Tola, Spicy Cedar, the leaves are soaked in water to flavor it for beverages. ((https://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/laurel.html)) \\ 

[[Berberis darwinii]]- Michay \\
[[Berberis microphylla]]- Calafate \\
[[Berberis vulgaris]]- Barberry. \\ 

[[Betula lenta]]- Sweet Birch, Cherry Birch, Spice Birch, Bark is used as a wintergreen like spice, sap is used to make a sugar syrup. \\ 
[[Betula nigra]]- Black Birch, River Birch, leaves and bark used for essential oil content \\ 

[[Biancaea sappan]]- Sappan wood, Asian redwood, the heartwood from this tree is used largely in Chinese medicine but is also used as a spice ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biancaea_sappan)) \\

[[Bixa orellana]]- Annatto, Achiote \\ 

[[Boesenbergia pandurata]]- Likely a synonym for fingerroot. \\
[[Boesenbergia rotunda]]- Krachai, fingerroot, a deeply herbal and medicinal tasting member of the ginger family, used in Thai cooing. \\

[[Boronia citrata]]- Lemon Boronia \\
[[Boronia citriodora]]- Lemon Scented Boronia \\
[[Boronia crenulata]]- Aniseed Boronia \\
[[Boronia megastigma]]- Scented Boronia, a flower essence is made with a flavor similar to violets or orris. \\ 
[[Boronia safrolifera]]- Sassafras Boronia. \\ 
[[Boronia serrulata]]- Rose Boronia

[[Brassica nigra]]- Black mustard seeds, one of the two main species used to make commercial mustard pastes. \\ 

[[Buchanania lanzan]]- Chironji, Charoli, wild almond, the seeds have an almond flavor and are used in a similar manner to almond seeds. \\ 

[[Bunium bulbocastanum]]- Black cumin, seems to be native closer to Europe then B. persicum. \\
[[Bunium persicum]]- Black cumin, Kara Jeera or Shah Jeera, also called [[Elwendia persica]], an extreamly underappreciated spice similar to cumin and caraway. \\


===== C =====
[[Cardamoms]]- Essay on the complexity of the various genera of cardamoms (Aframomum, Alpinia, Amomum,and Elettaria) \\

[[Calluna vulgaris ]]- Heather, brewing herb, described as lavender like, bitter and complex minty \\ 

[[Calycanthus floridus]]- Carolina Spicebush, Sweetshrub \\
[[Calycanthus occidentalis]]- California Spicebush ((https://calscape.org/Calycanthus-occidentalis-(Spice-Bush))) \\


[[Canarium album]]- Chinese white olive \\ 
[[Canarium luzonicum]]- Elemi, a complex oil that smells of fruit and turpentine\\ 
[[Canarium muelleri]]- Mangobark \\ 
[[Canarium odontophyllum]]- Dabai, another Chinese olive like fruit \\ 
[[Canarium ovatum]]- Pili Nut \\ 
[[Canarium pimela]]- Chinese black olive \\ 
[[Canarium schweinfurthii]]- African olive, a secondary source of Elemi oil \\ 

[[Canella winterana]]- White Cinnamon, From the Caribbean reported to look and taste like true cinnamon. Often confused with [[Drimys winteri]] which is from South America \\ 

[[Capsella bursa-pastoris]]- Shepherd's purse, member of the mustard family it has a peppery-mustard like flavor to the seeds and leaves. \\

[[Carthamus tinctorius]]- Safflower, a strong yellow to red dye is produced from the flower petals which is used as an alternative to saffron or turmeric. \\

[[Carum carvi]]- Caraway \\
[[Carum foetidum]]- \\
[[Carum nigrum]]- Shah Jeera, easily mixed up or perhaps the same spice as black cumin? ((https://foodsofnations.com/product/shahi-jeea-sajira-carum-nigram/))\\ 
[[Carum verticillatum]]- Whorled caraway \\

[[Carya cathayensis]]- Chinese hickory, This is the primary species of hickory eaten in East Asia \\ 
[[Carya illinoinensis]]- Pecan \\
[[Carya laciniosa]]- Shellbark Hickory, this is the primary species eaten for hickory nuts in North America. \\ 
[[Carya ovalis]]- Spicebark Hickory, red hickory, \\ 
[[Carya ovata]]- Shagbark Hickory, sweet hickory, the bark is used to flavor spirits and syrups imparting a smokey oak like, maple like flavor profile \\
[[Carya tomentosa]]- Mockernut hickory, hognut, This is the primary hickory species thats wood is used for smoking. \\ 

[[Ceiba pentandra]]- Kapok, Marathi Moggu, The dried flower buds are used similar to capers in Southern India, described as having a peppery flavor ((https://mangalorespice.com/products/kapok-buds-marathi-moggu))\\ 

[[Celosia argentea]] var. cristata- Cockscomb, used to produce bright red and purple colors to dye food. \\ 

[[Centella asiatica]]- Gotu Kola, Pennywort, Asiatic or Indian Pennywort, also called Hydrocotyle asiatica, oddly aromatic leaves, swampy, carrot like, cola like. \\   

[[Chamaenerion angustifolium]]- Ivan Chai, Fireweed, Willowherb, Leaves are used as a tea like drink in Russia, roots and shoots are also eaten. \\ 

[[Chimaphila maculata]]- Spotted wintergreen \\ 
[[Chimaphila umbellata]]- Pipsissewa, roots have a flavor described as similar to wintergreen \\ 

[[Chrozophora tinctoria]]- Turnsole, Giradol, Dyers Croton, Used as a blue- red dye in foods, especially desserts. \\

[[Chrysanthemum morifolium]]- Tea Chrysanthemum ((https://winghopfung.com/products/chrysanthemum-bud-6oz?_pos=1&_sid=9084c26ad&_ss=r)) \\

[[Chrysopogon aciculatus]]- Drylove, amorseco, \\ 
[[Chrysopogon nigritanus]]- Black vetivergrass \\
[[Chrysopogon zizanioides]]- Vetiver, a deeply woody-earthy grassy flavor that is without comparison. \\ 

[[Cichorium endivia]]- Endive, chicory, a bitter and herbal salad green, often sued as a base for dishes where the stiff leaves can be used as a vessel to hold other foods. \\ 
[[Cichorium intybus]]- Chicory, chicory root, roots are commonly roasted and ground to make a coffee flavored drink, it is often added to coffee to enhance the flavor. \\ 
[[Cichorium pumilum]]- another edible species of chicory. \\ 

[[Cinnamodendron corticosum]]- Used as a cinnamon like spice in Jamaica. \\ 

[[Cinnamomum burmannii]]- Indonesian Cinnamon, Korintje, for a brakedown of species see the Gernot ((http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Cinn_bur.html))\\
[[Cinnamomum camphora]]- Camphor \\
[[Cinnamomum cassia]]- Cassia\\
[[Cinnamomum cebuense]]- Cebu Cinnamon, Filipino Cinnamon, \\((https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSrUxGt-1Bk)) \\ 
[[Cinnamomum citriodorum]]- Malabar Cinnamon \\ 
[[Cinnamomum culilawan]]- Lawang, Kulitlawang, sometimes called Cinnamomum cullilawan ((http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/es1547331.html)) ((http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/es1670311.html)) ((http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/es1065091.html)) ((https://www.whitelotusaromatics.com/product/lawang-essential-oil)) ((https://www.stillpointaromatics.com/lawang-Cinnamomon-cullilawan-essential-oil-organic-aromatherapy)) \\
[[Cinnamomum glaucescens]]- sugandha kokila, berries used ((https://www.whitelotusaromatics.com/product/sugandh-kokila-essential-oil-organic)) \\ 
[[Cinnamomum iners]]- Clove cinnamon, Kayu Manis Hutan, Teja Lawang, Medang Teja, described as clove like, likely similar to Lawang ((https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/8/2806))\\
[[Cinnamomum malabatrum]]- A species of cinnamon used in a similar way to tamala, the bark is also used. \\ 
[[Cinnamomum mercadoi]]- Kalingag, primary species traditionally used in Filipino cooking. Described as having a menthol and safrol flavor profile.  \\
[[Cinnamomum mindaenense]]- Mana, Mindanao Cinnamon, flavor profile unknown. \\ 
[[Cinnamomum oliveri]]- Australian cinnamon species that has a high safrole content along with eugenol and camphor. \\ 
[[Cinnamomum osmophloeum]]- Pseudocinnamomum\\ 
[[Cinnamomum ovalifolium]]- wild cinnamon, wal kurundu \\
[[Cinnamomum tamala]]- Indian Bay Leaf \\ 
[[Cinnamomum loureiroi]]- Saigon or Vietnamese Cinnamon\\
[[Cinnamomum verum]]- Sri Lankan or Ceylon Cinnamon\\
Cinnamomum zeylanicum- this is a synonym of [[Cinnamomum verum]] \\

[[Cinnamosma fragrans]]- Saro, False sandalwood, greenwood, used and described as similar to cinnamon. \\ 

[[Citrus]]- On the spectacular amount of citrus species that can be used as spices. \\


[[Citrus aurantifolia]]- Lime ((https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1934578X1200701128))\\
[[Citrus australasica]]- Finger Lime \\
[[Citrus australis]]- Round Lime, another Australian species \\
[[Citrus bergamia]]- Bergamot ((https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10412905.2000.9699501))\\
[[Citrus glauca]]- Desert Lime, an Australian species \\
[[Citrus hystrix]]- Makrut, Thai lime leaf this citrus is unique in the leaves are directly used as a spice as well as the fruits. \\ 
[[Citrus medica]]- Citron \\
[[Citrus sinensis]]- Orange \\
[[Citrus limon]]- Lemon \\

[[Clausena anisata]]- Perdepis, Horsewood, described as having a strong anise like flavor. \\
[[Clausena anisum-olens]]- Kalumata, Anis, Kayumanis (not to be confused for the Bahasa name for cinnamon), A Filipino tree that has a strong anise like aroma. \\
[[Clausena excavata]]- Cama, described as being similar in scent to curry leaves. Fruits have an anise like flavor. \\

[[Cleome viscosa]]- Jakhya, Wild mustard, a member of the mustard family, seeds are used similar to other mustard seeds. ((https://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/spices.html))\\ 

[[Clinopodium brownei]]- Browne's savory \\
[[Clinopodium douglasii]]- Yerba Buena, a name in common with several other herbs. \\
[[Clinopodium macrostemum]]- Nurite, Toche, Hediondilla, \\
[[Clinopodium menthifolium]]- Wood Calamint \\ 
[[Clinopodium nepeta]]- Lesser Calamint \\ 
[[Clinopodium vimineum]]- Puerto Rican Savory, Herba Buena \\ 
[[Clinopodium vulgare]]- Wild basil \\ 

[[Clitoria ternatea]]- Blue butterfly pea, used to dye foods a vibrant blue-purple color. \\

[[Cocos nucifera]]-Coconut \\

[[Cola acuminata]]- Kola Nut \\
[[Cola nitida]]- Kola Nut \\

Most of the aromatic species of Coleus were originally placed in the genus Plectranthus. \\
[[Coleus amboinicus]]- Cuban Oregano, Spanish Thyme, has an oregano like flavor profile \\
[[Coleus cremnus]]- Described as having a rose like or geranium like scent \\ 
[[Coleus esculentus]]- African Potato, Produces edible tubers.\\
[[Coleus neochilus]]- Boldo-Gambá, Mosquito Bush, Described as having a mint like scent and flavor. \\ 
[[Coleus rotundifolius]]- Chinese Potato, Country Potato, produces edible tubers. \\
[[Coleus maculosus]] subsp. edulis- Ethiopian Potato, produces edible tubers. \\

[[Colocasia gigantea]]- Giant Taro, Gernot claims the seeds are also used as a spice. ((http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/spice_geo.html#Colocasia_gigantea)) \\
[[Colocasia esculenta]] -Taro \\ 

[[Comptonia peregrina]]- Sweet Fern, not related to ferns, described as being honeyed, pine like, resinous, and bitter. ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/sweet-fern))\\ 

[[Conocephalum conicum]]- Scented Liverwort, there are 3 species associated with having a scent with unknown margins in chemotype between them. ((https://wildflowerfinder.org.uk/Flowers/L/Liverwort(Scented)/Liverwort(Scented).htm)) \\
[[Conocephalum salebrosum]]-  \\
[[Conocephalum supradecompositum]]-  \\

[[Coreopsis tinctoria]]- Kunlun Chrysanthemum, Plains coreopsis, calliopsis \\

[[Coriandrum sativum]]- Coriander, cilantro \\ 

[[Cornus amomum]]- Eastern silky dogwood, named after amomum for unknown reasons, likely because the seeds are spice like?\\
[[Cornus mas]]- \\

[[Crithmum maritimum]]- Rock Samphire, Sea Fennel, tastes of complex herbal flavor that is spicy, dill and fennel like. \\ 

[[Croton eluteria]]- Cascarilla, used as a flavor and bittering agent in Campari and Vermouth. \\ 
[[Croton tiglium]]- used in a similar manner as Cascarilla but from a Chinese tradition instead of an Italian one. \\ 

[[Crowea exalata]]- ?? ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices)) \\

[[Cryptocaria massoia]]- Massoia \\

[[Cucurbita pepo]]- Melon Seeds, commercial melon seeds \\ 

[[Cuminum cyminum]]- Cumin, the only culinary member of its genus \\ 

[[Curcuma amada]]- Mango Turmeric, named after the sour fruity smell of the rhizomes. also known as Curcuma mangga. ((https://www.floridaforaging.com/plant/curcuma-mangga)) \\ 
[[Curcuma angustifolia]]- East Indian Arrowroot, the rhizomes are used as a culinary vegetable. \\ 
[[Curcuma aromatica]]- Wild Turmeric. \\
[[Curcuma australasica]]- Cape York Turmeric, the rhizomes are eaten as a root vegetable in Australia. \\ 
[[Curcuma caesia]]- Black Turmeric \\
[[Curcuma comosa]]- Widely used for medicinal perposes, the essential oils have potential as a food flavoring, culinary palatability is unknown. \\  
[[Curcuma longa]]- Turmeric \\ 
[[Curcuma zanthorrhiza]]- Temulawak, Javanese ginger, ((https://www.floridaforaging.com/plant/curcuma-zanthorrhiza))\\
[[Curcuma zedoaria]]- Zedoary \\

[[Cymbopogon]]- The whole genera is edible, most having a citrusy flavor and scent. \\
[[Cymbopogon citratus]]- Lemongrass \\ 
[[Cymbopogon flexuosus]]- East Indian Lemongrass ((https://www.tradewindsfruit.com/cymbopogon-flexuosus-east-indian-lemongrass-seeds))\\
[[Cymbopogon martini]]- Palmarosa, Gingergrass, varies from roselike to spicy and herbal \\ 
[[Cymbopogon nardus]]- Citronella, source of commercial citronella oil \\ 
[[Cymbopogon refractus]]- Barbed wire grass, used as an herb in Australia. ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices)) \\ 
[[Cymbopogon schoenanthus]]- Described as minty and lemony \\ 

[[Cyperus articulatus]]- jointed flatsedge, priprioca, the roots are used as a earthy flavoring and red colorant, used as a starch and thickening agent in drinks. \\ 
[[Cyperus bulbosus]]- Australian bush onion, used in a similar manner to Cyperus articulatus.\\
[[Cyperus esculentus]]- Tiger nut, the tubers are edible and used as a nutty flavoring and as a starch source. \\ 
[[Cyperus longus]]- English Galingale, Sweet Galangale, Unknown flavor profile, tubers once used to approximate the flavor and medicinal qualities of galangal. \\  
[[Cyperus rotundus]]- Used as a bitter flavoring. \\ 
[[Cyperus scariosus]]- Cypriol, mostly used for perfume but can be used to impart a deep earth flavor, comparable to patchouli. \\ 

===== D =====
[[Dendrobium nobile]]- a controversial tea is made from the dried flowers, it has a soft green floral flavor, not all active compounds are understood. \\ 

[[Descurainia sophia]]- Seeds are used as a gelling agent similar to basil seeds. \\

[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]- Omubambanjobe, seeds contain geraniol ((https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-016-5254-4)) \\ 

[[Dioscorea polystachya]]- The flowers are described as having a cinnamon scent to them,\\

[[Dipteryx alata]]- Baru, Baru almond \\
[[Dipteryx charapilla]]- \\
[[Dipteryx micrantha]]- \\
[[Dipteryx odorata]]- Tonka Bean \\ 

[[Ditaxis heterantha]]- Azafran, Mexican Saffron, Seeds produce a strong yellow dye used similar to saffron and turmeric. Closely related to safflower. \\

[[Dodonaea triquetra]]- Common Hopbush, Australlian Hopbush, seed pods used as a hop substitute. \\ 
[[Dodonaea viscosa]]- Hopbush, Asian Hopbush, used in medicine practices across Asia, used as a hop substitute. \\  

[[Doryphora sassafras]]- Golden Sassafras \\
[[Doryphora aromatica]]- Golden Spiceherb \\

[[Dracaena cinnabari]]- Dragons blood, the resin is sparingly used as a flavorant for toothpaste  \\
[[Dracaena draco]]- \\
[[Dracaena fragrans]]- \\

[[Drimys winteri]]- Canelo, Winterbark, a spicy bark is produced that is compared to pepper, it has a unique mode of producing [[piquant]].\\

[[Dysphania ambrosioides]]- Epazote \\
[[Dysphania anthelmintica]]- Wormseed \\ 
[[Dysphania botrys]]- Sticky Oak Goosefoot, Feathered Geranium \\ 
[[Dysphania multifida]]- Scented goosefoot \\
[[Dysphania pumilio]]- Clammy Goosefoot \\

===== E =====
[[Echinops giganteus]]- Cameroon globe thistle ((https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-016-5254-4)) \\ 
[[Echinops echinatus]]- Indian globe thistle \\

[[Elsholtzia ciliata]]- Crested Late Summer Mint, Vietnamese balm, xiang ru ,香薷, kinh giới, described as lemony \\
[[Elsholtzia fruticosa]]- Ji Gu Chai \\ 
[[Elsholtzia rugulosa]]- \\

[[Elwendia persica]]- Black cumin, Kala Jeera, Kara Jeera, more commonly called [[Bunium persicum]], not to be confused with [[Nigella sativa]] \\

[[Eriocephalus africanus]]- Cape Rosemary, not related to rosemary but named such for is physical resemblance. \\
[[Eriocephalus punctulatus]]- Cape chamomile \\ 

[[Eriodictyon californicum]]- Yerba Buena, Yerba Santa, Mountain balm, the plant contains taste modifying compounds that effect the perception of bitter flavors, similar to miracle berries. \\ 
[[Eriodictyon crassifolium]]- Thickleaf yerba santa, Described as rank \\

[[Etlingera elatior]]- Bongkot, Bunga, Torch ginger, flowers used in a similar manner to Myoga. Rhizome is also used ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/bangl%C3%A9))\\ 
[[Etlingera fulgens]]-  Used as a substitute for torch ginger \\
[[Etlingera maingayi]]- Used as a substitute for torch ginger \\

[[Eucalyptus dives]]- Peppermint Gum ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices)) \\
[[Eucalyptus globulus]]- Tasmanian Blue Gum \\
[[Eucalyptus olida]]- Strawberry Gum \\
[[Eucalyptus polybractea]]- Blue-leaved Mallee \\
[[Eucalyptus staigeriana]]- Lemon Ironbark \\

[[Eupomatia laurina]]- Bolwarra, a myrtle whose fruits are used as spice in Australia ((https://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/mn_magnoc.html)) \\ 


===== F =====

[[Fumaria officinalis]]- Fumitory, Fumitary, Earth Smoke, used as a flavor water in Persian cuisine. Described as minty in quality. ((https://theswoonsociety.com/2017/08/07/taking-the-waters/))\\

[[Ferula assa-foetida]]- Hing, Asafetida \\
[[Ferula communis]]- Laser, Giant fennel,  \\
[[Ferula cypria]]- Cyprus Fennel, \\
[[Ferula gummosa]]- Galbanum  \\
[[Ferula hermonis]]- Zallouh  \\
[[Ferula moschata]]- Sumbul, Muskroot,  \\ 
[[Ferula persica]]- Sagapenum  \\
[[Ferula tingitana]]- African ammoniacum  \\
Silphium also known as laserpicium is likely a species of Ferula \\

[[Filipendula occidentalis]]- Queen-of-the-forest, \\
[[Filipendula rubra]]- Queen-of-the-meadow, lilac scented flowers, can be used to make cordials \\ 
[[Filipendula ulmaria]]- Meadowsweet, mead wort, a rose family member with all parts described as floral, and honey like in scent \\ 
[[Filipendula vulgaris]]- dropwort, fern leaf dropwort, wintergreen scented foliage \\ 
===== G =====
[[Galinsoga parviflora]]- Guasca, a unusually flavored herb, described as tasting like artichoke heart, used for classic dishes in Columbia \\ 
[[Galinsoga quadriradiata]]- Used in a similar manner as parviflora, but the leaves are hairy \\

[[Galium odoratum]]- Woodruff, the leaves and stems are high in coumarin giving it a flavor similar to mahaleb and tonka beans. \\ 

[[Garcinia gummi-gutta]]- Frequently called Garcinia cambodge- Kudampuli, korakka puli, Kudampuli, exceedingly sour, smokey and fermented tasting. \\
[[Garcinia indica]]- Kokum, the fruit husks are used as a fruity-souring agent that is often compared to tamarind also used as a culinary red dye. \\
[[Garcinia quaesita]]- Another source of korakkai puli, also called Goraka, frequently confused/interchangeable with Garcinia gummi-gutta \\

[[Gaultheria procumbens]]- Wintergreen. Several other members of the genus also contain methyl salicylate at very high levels and have an almost identical flavor. \\

[[Geum]]- Various species in this genus, all called Avens and Bonnet, were used to impart a Eugenol note to food before the wide availability of cloves. \\
[[Geum urbanum]]- Avens, Bonnet, Colewort, St. Benedict's herb. used for its roots which have Eugenol in them. \\ 

[[Glechoma hederacea]]- Alehoof, Creeping Charlie, used as a flavoring agent in beer prior to the use of hops, also used as a salad green and in cheese. \\ 

[[Glycosmis pentaphylla]]- Gin berry, The seeds can be used as an herbaceous-herbal tasting spice. \\

[[Glycyrrhiza echinata]]- Russian Licorice \\
[[Glycyrrhiza glabra]]- Licorice root \\ 
[[Glycyrrhiza lepidota]]- Wild Licorice \\
[[Glycyrrhiza uralensis]]- Chinese Licorice \\

[[Guizotia abyssinica]]- Nyjer Seeds, Niger seed, similar to sunflower seeds, toasted and used as a paste for flavoring. \\ 

===== H =====
[[Hedychium spicatum]]- Spiked ginger lily, the rhizomes are used as a spice and described as intermediate between ginger and orris. \\ 
[[Hedychium coronarium]]- Hawaiian spike ginger, edible. \\ 

[[Hedysarum alpinum]]- Hedysarum, used as a floral water in Persia, tastes similar to licorice root. ((https://theswoonsociety.com/2017/08/07/taking-the-waters/))\\ 

Helianthus- All species of helianthus can make edible seeds that varyingly resemble sunflower seeds. \\
[[Helianthus annuus]]- The common sunflower, this is the dominate species used to make commercial sunflower seeds and oil. \\
[[Helianthus ciliaris]]- Yerba Parda, Texas Blueweed \\ 
[[Helianthus resinosus]]- Resindot Sunflower \\
[[Helianthus tuberosus]]- Jerusalem Artichoke, Sunchoke, this species is notable in that the tubers are eaten. \\ 

[[Hedeoma drummondii]]- False Pennyroyal, used for its minty like flavor in parts of Mexico, may contain [[pulegone]].\\
[[Hedeoma patens]]- Oregano Chiquito, described as having an oregano like aroma. \\ 
[[Hedeoma pulegioides]]- American False Pennyroyal, much like pennyroyal it contains [[pulegone]], which is considered toxic and consumption is not recommended. \\
[[Hedeoma reverchonii]]- Described as having a lemon and camphor like aroma. \\ 

[[Hemidesmus indicus]]- Indian Sarsaparilla, used as a flavoring in various carbonated drinks and candy. \\ 

[[Heracleum maximum]]- Indian celery, the young greens and seeds are eaten as a flavoring in the northwestern United States. \\ 
[[Heracleum persicum]]- Golpar, sometimes called angelica seed(an unrelated species), flavor is highly unique, resentment of Rue and angelica root. ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/graines-dangelique)) \\ 
[[Heracleum sphondylium]]- Common Hogweed, Cow parsnip, the seeds have a flavor that resembles green cardamom. ((https://gallowaywildfoods.com/hogweed/)) \\ 

[[Horsefieldia australiana]]- previously Myristica australiana, Australian spice similar to nutmeg \\
[[Horsfieldia kingii]]- A relative to nutmeg, described as similar in many ways ((http://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/mn_nutmeg.html)) \\

[[Houttuynia cordata]]- Rap ka, chameleon herb, copper herb, the leaves and rhizomes are eaten \\  

[[Hyssopus officinalis]]- Hyssop, \\
===== I =====
Ilex, only these 4 species are confirmed to be edible as far as I know, all other species are likely highly toxic. \\ 
[[Ilex guayusa]]- Guayusa, widely consumed in South America especially along the Andes mountain range. \\
[[Ilex kaushue]]- Kuding, an overwhelmingly bittering agent that also contains a large amount of caffeine. \\ 
[[Ilex paraguariensis]]- Yerba Mate, another common South American drink that is used in a similar way to tea. \\ 
[[Ilex vomitoria]]- Yaupon, Cassina, a North American species also used to make a caffeinated tea like drink, has a malty-herbal complex flavor \\ 

Illicium anisatum- Is a highly toxic relavtive to star anise that can even have a similar spiced scent. All other members in the genus Illicium except verum are toxic. \\
[[Illicium verum]]- Star Anise \\

[[Irvingia gabonensis]]- African Mango, Dika, Wild Mango, unrelated to mango, the seeds are roasted and ground to make a flavorful paste. \\
[[Irvingia malayana]]- Wild Almond, Barking Deer’s Mango \\
===== J =====
[[Juglans ailantifolia]]- Japanese Walnut, Heartnut \\
[[Juglans cinerea]] Butternut \\ 
[[Juglans neotropica]] Andean Walnut, nogal \\ 
[[Juglans nigra]] Eastern black walnut, Black Walnut \\ 
[[Juglans regia]] Persian walnut, English Walnut \\ 


[[Jumellea fragrans]]- Faham, an orchid from Mauritius used to make herbal infusions, has a floral honey quality, historically used like vanilla. ((http://www.orchidspecies.com/jumfragrans.htm)) \\ 

[[Juniperus communis]]- Common juniper, the cones are used as a bitter coniferous flavor. \\
[[Juniperus monosperma]]- Cones are traditionally eaten by the Navajo \\
[[Juniperus virginiana]]- American juniper, used the same as juniper berries. \\

[[Justicia pectoralis]]- \\ 

===== K =====
[[Kaempferia galanga]]- Kencur, sand ginger, a camphorous and medicinal member of the ginger family. \\ 
[[Kaempferia parviflora]]- Thai black ginger, Krachai dum, used much like kencur, considered a aphrodisiac. \\ 

[[Kunzea ambigua]]- White Kunzea, a spice with a similarity to Callistemon or Melaleuca\\ 
[[Kunzea muelleri]]- Described as rosemary like.((https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xf8zxwmxZr8)) \\
[[Kunzea pomifera]]- Muntries, berries and leaves are used as a spice. ((https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xf8zxwmxZr8))\\
[[Kunzea robusta]]- Manuka, leaves are used to make essential oil, close to the flavor of tea tree. \\
===== L =====
[[Lamium album]]- White nettle, Bee nettle \\
[[Lamium amplexicaule]]- Henbit, common henbit nettle \\
[[Lamium purpureum]]- Deadnettle, used like other members of the genus, the pollen can dye foods red. ((https://twitter.com/blackforager/status/1367333784522289152/photo/2))\\ 

[[Lantana]]- though many species have strong lemony and herbal scents, all species are poisonous as far as I know. \\ 

[[Laurus nobilis]]- Bay Laurel \\ 

[[Lepidium]]- Almost all species of Lepidium are edible, called peppercress, peppergrass, and pepperwort. Part of the mustard family they have a peppery-mustard flavor to the seeds and leaves. \\
[[Lepidium latifolium]]- Dittander, perennial pepperweed,broadleaved pepperwort. \\
[[Lepidium meyenii]]- Maca, the root is used to make a musty tasting spice as well as a medicine \\
[[Lepidium sativum]]- Garden Cress, used as a peppery mustard like leaf vegetable \\

[[Leonurus cardiaca]]- Motherwort, lions tail, \\
[[Leonurus japonicus]]- Chinese Motherwort, \\
[[Leonurus sibiricus]]- Siberian Motherwort, honeyweed, many species of motherwort seem to be high in alkaloids and likely have psychoactive effects.  \\ 

[[Leptotes bicolor]]- A relative of vanilla that also has flavorful seed pods. \\ 

[[Levisticum officinale]]- Lovage \\

[[Ligusticum striatum]]- Chinese Lovage, chuanxiong (川芎) the seed pods called Xiang Guo(香果) are often, perhaps dubiously, attributed to this species. ((http://www.mylucai.com/lucaizhishi/2800.html))\\ 

[[Limnophila aromatica]]- Rice patty herb, Rau om, another highly underappreciated herb \\ 

[[Lindera aggregata]]- Japanese spicebush \\ 
[[Lindera benzoin]]- Spicebush \\
[[Lindera melissifolia]]- Southern spicebush \\ 
[[Lindera neesiana]]- Pepperbush, Sil-timur Berry ((https://www.terreexotique.com/gift-box-a-journey-through-the-land-of-peppers-no-1.html)) \\ 

[[Lingdera thomsonii]]- Unlikely a real species, often the quoted species for the fruit of Xiang Guo(香果) also called Ligusticum chuanxiong which is also a misnomer name ((http://www.mylucai.com/lucaizhishi/2800.html))\\

[[Lippia abyssinica]]- Koseret, Widely used in Ethiopia it has a minty eucalyptus like flavor. \\
[[Lippia alba]]- ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippia_alba)) \\ 
[[Lippia citriodora]]- Lemon Verbena. \\ 
[[Lippia graveolens]]- Mexican Oregano, has a flavor complex similar to oregano with many unique rank notes \\
[[Lippia micromera]]- Spanish Thyme, Caribbean Oregano, Puerto Rican Oregano, used in the Caribbean much like Mexican Oregano. \\ 
[[Lippia palmeri]]- Xomcahiift \\

[[Litsea cubeba]]- May Chang, mountain pepper, fruits and leaves have a strong lemon scent, fruit look like peppercorns. \\ 
[[Litsea glaucescens]]- Mexican bay leaves \\
[[Litsea glutinosa]]- unknown \\
 
[[Lodoicea maldivica]]- Coco de mer \\ 

[[Lysimachia foenum-graecum]] 灵香草 ling xiang cao ((http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200017018)) \\ 


===== M =====
[[Macadamia integrifolia]]- Queensland Nut, smooth shelled macadamia. \\
[[Macadamia ternifolia]]- \\
[[Macadamia tetraphylla]]- rough shelled Macadamia \\

[[Mammea suriga]]- Nag Kesar, Kobra Saffron, the flower buds are used as a woody citrusy spice. The flowers may also be used to make a floral water. ((https://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/spices.html)). \\

[[Mangifera altissima]]- Pahutan \\
[[Mangifera caesia]]-  Jack, White Mango, Binjai \\
[[Mangifera casturi]]- Kalimantan Mango, Kasturi \\
[[Mangifera foetida]]- Horse Mango, Malmut, Limus, Bachang, fruits eaten pickled. \\ 
[[Mangifera indica]]- Mango, Amchur, tropical fruity tasting souring agent. \\
[[Mangifera kemanga]]- \\
[[Mangifera laurina]]- Mangga Kopyor \\
[[Mangifera odorata]]- Kwini \\
[[Mangifera pajang]]- Bambangan \\
[[Mangifera sylvatica]]- Himalayan mango, Pickling Mango\\
[[Mangifera zeylanica]]- Sri Lanka Wild Mango\\

[[Magnolias]]- Essay on the various magnolia species. \\ 
[[Magnolia biondii]]-  Buds are used as a spice and medicine. ((https://tcmwiki.com/wiki/biond-magnolia-flower))\\
[[Magnolia denudata]]- Buds are used as a spice and medicine.\\
[[Magnolia grandiflora]]- the flowers and buds are used to make a floral lemon flavor. \\ 
[[Magnolia hypoleuca]]- Used in Japan as a spice, with leaves being used to wrap food and also ground and added to food. used to make hoba miso. ((https://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/mn_magnolz.html)) \\
[[Magnolia mexicana]]- Flowers used as well as young leaves. ((https://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/mn_magnolz.html)) \\
[[Magnolia obovata]]- Used in Japan as a spice, with leaves being used to wrap food and also ground and added to food. used to make hoba miso. \\
[[Magnolia sprengeri]]- Buds are used as a spice and medicine.\\

[[Melaleuca quinquenervia]]- Broad-leaf Paperbark ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices)) \\
[[Melaleuca leucadendron]]- Weeping Paperbark \\

[[Melilotus albus]]- Honey clover, Sweet clover, White clover, the clover described in clover honey. ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/sweet-clover))\\
[[Melilotus officinalis]] Yellow Sweet Clover, similar to albus, both have high coumarin contents \\

[[Mint]]- There are a huge amount of minty plants \\ 
[[Mentha aquatica]]- Water Mint. \\
[[Mentha aquatica var. citrata]]- Bergamot Mint, Orange Mint, Eau de Cologne mint. Very high in linalyl acetate and linalool. Sometimes called Mentha × piperita f. citrata\\
[[Mentha australis]]- River Mint \\
[[Mentha diemenica]]- Slender Mint \\
[[entha × gracilis]]- Ginger Mint \\ 
[[Mentha longifolia]]- Horse Mint \\ 
[[Mentha × piperita]]- Peppermint, Chocolate Mint \\
[[Mentha pulegium]]- Pennyroyal, notable for its historic uses and unusually high levels of [[pulegone]], a toxic monoterpene, it is not recommended to consume Pennyroyal. \\ 
[[Mentha requienii]]- Corsican Mint, used as the flavorant of Crème de Menthe \\ 
[[Mentha saturioides]]- ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices))\\
[[Mentha spicata]]- Spearmint, Yerba Buena. \\ 
[[Mentha suaveolens]]- Apple Mint \\ 

[Mertensia virginica]]- Virginia Bluebell, Roanoke Bells, Lungwort Oysterleaf, an edible borage with a cucumber like flavor profile. \\ 

[[Monarda citriodora]]- lemon beebalm, lemon mint \\
[[Monarda clinopodia]]- white bergamot, basil beebalm \\
[[Monarda clinopodioides]]- basil beebalm \\ 
[[Monarda didyma]]- Oswego tea, fragrant balm \\
[[Monarda fistulosa]]- Wild bergamot, beebalm, tastes like caraway and thyme and not much like bergamot citrus. \\  
[[Monarda punctata]]- spotted beebalm, thyme beebalm \\

[[Mondia whitei]]- says its a spice in Africa.. dubious \\ 

[[Monodora myristica]]- Calabash nutmeg, Ehuru, Acrican nutmeg, a species in the Annonaceae family with a nutmeg like flavor. ((does it have annonacin?)) \\ 

[[Murraya koenigii]]- Curry leaves \\ 
[[Murraya paniculata]]- Jasmine Orange, leaves and fruits are edible \\

[[Marrubium vulgare]]- White horehound, compared to the flavor of wintergreen or rootbeer, for black horehound see [[Ballota nigra]] \\

[[Myrica gale]]- Gale, sweetgale, bog myrtle. ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/sweet-gale)) \\ 
[[Myrica rubra]]- Yumberry, bayberry, the fruits are using to add a fruity sweet flavor to soups. \\ 

[[Myristica argentea]]- Long nutmeg, Macassar nutmeg, horse nutmeg, used as a nutmeg replacement. \\
[[Myristica cagayanensis]]- used in Chinese medicine ((http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=121489))  \\
[[Myristica fatua]]- Used as an replacement for nutmeg \\
[[Myristica fragrans]]- True nutmeg and Mace \\ 
[[Myristica guatteriifolia]]- Used in Chinese medicine ((http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=121489)) \\
[[Myristica impressinerva]]- unknown ((https://doctorlib.info/herbal/encyclopedia-psychoactive-plants-ethnopharmacology/76.html))\\ 
[[Myristica iners]]-- Unknown ((https://doctorlib.info/herbal/encyclopedia-psychoactive-plants-ethnopharmacology/76.html))\\
[[Myristica insipida]]- Australian spice similar to nutmeg \\
[[Myristica malabarica]]- Kattujathi, Rampatri, Malabar Nutmeg, Bombay mace, a native to India with similar properties to nutmeg and mace, likely unique\\
[[Myristica malaccensis]]- Unknown ((https://doctorlib.info/herbal/encyclopedia-psychoactive-plants-ethnopharmacology/76.html))\\
[[Myristica simiarum]]- Used in Chinese medicine. ((http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=121489)) \\
[[Myristica speciosa]]- Used as an replacement for nutmeg \\
[[Myristica succedanea]]- Batjang Nutmeg, used as a replacement for nutmeg \\ 
[[Myristica umbellata]]- Unknown ((https://doctorlib.info/herbal/encyclopedia-psychoactive-plants-ethnopharmacology/76.html))\\
[[Myristica yunnanensis]]- ((http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200008620)) ((http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=121489)) \\ 

[[Myrocarpus fastigiatus]]- Cabreuva, an underappreciated spicy woody flavor. \\ 

[[Myroxylon balsamum]]- Peru & Tolu Balsam, Used for making rootbeer and cream soda flavor profiles. Has a complex vanilla styrene like scent and flavor. \\ 
[[Myroxylon peruiferum]]- Quina \\

[[Myrtus communis]]- Myrtle leaves\\ 
[[Myrtus nivellei]]- Saharan myrtle \\


===== N =====
[[Nardostachys chinensis]]- Chinese Spikenard \\
[[Nardostachys jatamansi]]- Spikenard, muskroot, Fleabane \\

[[Nashia inaguensis]]- Moujean Tea, Bahama Berry, Pineapple Verbena, described as having a herbal, citrus, vanilla, and pineapple like quality. \\ 

[[Nasturtium microphyllum]]- yellowcress \\
[[Nasturtium officinale]]- Watercress \\

[[Nigella arvensis]]- Field nigella. \\ 
[[Nigella damascena]]- is often confused with Nigella sativa, demascana contains alkaloids making consuming the seeds controversial. \\ 
[[Nigella sativa]]- Nigella, Kalonji \\
===== O =====
[[Ocimum × africanum]]- Lemon basil, a cross between O. americanum and O. basilicum \\
[[Ocimum basilicum]]- Sweet Basil, common European basil \\ 
[[Ocimum campechianum]]- ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocimum_campechianum))\\
[[Ocimum × citriodorum]]- Lemon Basil, same as Ocimum × africanum. \\
[[Ocimum gratissimum]]- Clove basil, scent leaves, commonly used in West African cooking. \\ 
[[Ocimum kilimandscharicum]]- Camphor Basil \\ 
[[Ocimum kilimandscharicum × basilicum]]- African Blue basil, an odd cross that behaves as a perennial. \\ 
[[Ocimum minimum]]- mini Basil, Bush basil \\ 
[[Ocimum tenuiflorum]]- Holy Basil \\

[[Ocotea pretiosa]]- South american cinnamon, these trees are describes as having bark with a cinnamon taste \\
[[Ocotea quixos]]- South american cinnamon, these trees are describes as having bark with a cinnamon taste \\
[[Ocotea sassafras]]- The bark is high in safrole. \\ 

[[Olea capensis]]- Black Ironwood \\
[[Olea europaea]]- European olive. The leaves are also used as an unusual spice. \\ 

[[Origanum dictamnus]]- Dittany of Crete, Hop Marjoram. \\
[[Origanum majorana ]]- Marjoram, Sweet Marjoram. \\
[[Origanum onites]]- Ellinikí Rίgani, Pot Marjoram, Cretan oregano. \\
[[Origanum rotundifolium]]- Round Leaf Oregano. \\  
[[Origanum syriacum]]- Zaatar, Za'atar. \\
[[Origanum vulgare]]- Oregano, also called wild Zaatar. \\

[[Osmanthus fragrans]]- Osmanthus, the flowers are used to impart a strong floral-apricot flavor. \\

[[Osmundea oederi]]- Brittle Fern Weed\\
[[Osmundea osmunda]]- Royal Fern Weed\\
[[Osmundea pinnatifida]]- Pepper Dulce, Flat fern weed ((https://gallowaywildfoods.com/pepper-dulse-edibility-identification-distribution/)) \\
[[Osmundea truncata]]- Iridescent Fern Weed\\

[[Oxalis acetosella]]- Common wood sorrel \\
[[Oxalis articulata]]- Pink wood sorrel, Chari amilo, Netho khatta saag, high in ascorbic acid \\
[[Oxalis corniculata]]- Creeping wood sorrel \\
[[Oxalis enneaphylla]]- Scurvy-grass sorrel, contains ascorbic acid \\
[[Oxalis montana]]- Mountain woodsorrel \\
[[Oxalis pes-caprae]]- Sourgrass, Bermuda sorrel, buttercup oxalis, Cape sorrel, widespread species, the flower stems are commonly sucked on for their sour flavor. \\ 
[[Oxalis stricta]]- Common oxalis, common yellow woodsorrel, lemon clover, a short growing widespread species of oxalis, commonly found in lawns. \\  
[[Oxalis tuberosa]]- Oca, Uqa, The roots are eaten as a starchy vegetable and often have an unusual sour character due to the oxalic acid content common across the genus. \\

===== P =====
[[Palmaria palmata]]- red dulse, and edible [[seaweed]] with a strong savory flavor to it. \\ 

[[Pandanus amaryllifolius]]- Pandan leaves, used to impart a specific sweet vanilla-bread like flavor and often a green coloration.\\ 
[[Pandanus julianettii]]- Karuka, pandan nut, this species is unusual as the seeds are roasted and used much like other nuts. \\ 
[[Pandanus odoratissimus]]- Kewra, The flowers are used in a water form much like rose water and orange blossom water. \\
[[Pandanus odorifer]]- another name for Kewra, same species. \\ 
[[Pandanus tectorius]]- thatch screwpine, less aromatic, but still scented leaves.  \\
[[Pandanus utilis]]- Common screwpine, less aromatic, but still scented leaves. \\

[[Papaver hybridum]]- An unknown species of poppy described by Pliny the Elder, included only in the historical record. \\ 
[[Papaver orientale]]- Oriental poppy, used for seeds \\ 
[[Papaver rhoeas]]- Intermediate poppy, used for seeds \\ 
[[Papaver somniferum]]- Poppy seeds. \\ 

[[Parmelia perlata]]- Dagad Phool, Black stone flower, A rock lichen used as an earthy flavored spice. Very mild in intensity, similar in some ways to oakmoss. \\ 

[[Parmotrema perlatum]]- Kalpasi, quite unusual as its a lichen used as a enigmatic spice widely in India. \\ 

[[Pastinaca sativa]]- Parsnip \\ 

[[Peganum harmala]]- Wild Rue, Esphand, seeds are deeply bitter, eaten and used as incense, acts as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, apparently can be hallucinogenic as well. ((https://doctorlib.info/herbal/encyclopedia-psychoactive-plants-ethnopharmacology/85.html)) \\ 

[[Pentaclethra macrophylla]]- Ugba ((https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276239015_Evolution_of_Volatile_Flavour_Compounds_during_Fermentation_of_African_Oil_Bean_Pentaclethra_macrophylla_Benth_Seeds_for_Ugba_Production)) \\

[[Perilla frutescens]]- Perilla, Shiso, tía tô, deulkkae, kkaennip, one of the most underappreciated leafy herbs. \\

[[Persea americana]]- Avacado, the leaves and bark are used mildly as spices \\
[[Persea drimyfolia]]- Mexican Avacado, the leaves have a strong safrole clove like flavor \\ 

[[Petroselinum crispum]]- Parsley \\

[[Persicaria hydropiper]]- Tade, Japense water pepper, \\
[[Persicaria hydropiperoides]]- False Water pepper \\
[[Persicaria minor]]- Kesum, used in Malaysia in a similar manner to Vietnamese Coriander. \\ 
[[Persicaria maculosa]]- \\ 
[[Persicaria odorata]]- rau răm, Vietnamese coriander, Laksa mint, \\
[[Persicaria tinctoria]]- Chinese / Japanese Indigo, Used as a source of Indigo dye before the introduction of Indigofera species. 

[[Peumus boldus]]- Boldo leaves, one of the most overlooked spices \\ 

[[Phyla dulcis]]- Aztec Sweet Herb, has a strong sweetening effect. \\



[[Picea mariana]]- Black Spruce, Used to make spruce beer and rootbeer, the most widely used species of spruce.  \\ 
[[Picea pungens]]- Colorado Blue Spruce, used in flavoring \\
[[Picea rubens]]- Red Spruce, used in rootbeer production \\ 
[[Picea sitchensis]]- Sitka Spruce, Used in rootbeer production \\ 

[[Pimenta dioica]]- Allspice, the berries as well as the leaves and bark can be used as spices. \\ 
[[Pimenta racemosa]]- West Indian Bay, Bay Rum, used to flavor alcohols and perfumes. ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/bay-leaf-grenada)) \\ 

[[Pinus]]- All species of pine are edible with Ponderosa, Monterey, and lodgepole pine considered by some to be exceptions ((https://www.quora.com/What-species-of-pine-tree-are-poisonous-to-humans-if-ingested)) \\

[[Pipers]]- Essay on the various species of pepper in the genus Piper. \\
[[Piper aduncum]]- Matico, spiked pepper, leaves and fruits are used, often compared to long pepper. \\ 
[[Piper auritum]]- Hoja Santa, rootbeer leaf, the leaves are essential to mole verde and used and impart a [[safrole]] heavy rootbeer like flavor. \\ 
[[Piper betle]]- Betel leaves, used as a stimulant as well as a spice. \\
[[Piper borbonense]]- Voatsiperifery, similar to cubeb. \\
[[Piper capense]]- African long pepper, timiz, commonoly used in Ethiopia. \\ 
[[Piper chaba]]- Choi Jhal, the roots, leaves and stems are used for their extreme [[piquant]] pungency. \\
[[Piper cubeba]]- Cubeb \\
[[Piper excelsum]]- Kawakawa, intermediate between pepper and Kava, roots, leaves, and berries are used as a bitter spice. \\ 
[[Piper guineense]]- Azizi pepper, Ashanti pepper, both the fruits and leaves are used, i t is often compared to cubeb, essential to many African dishes. ((https://www.ebay.com/itm/Dried-Uziza-Leaves-1-6oz/273861804658)) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_guineense)) ((https://www.amazon.com/Pimienta-Guinea-africana-paradise-genuine/dp/B077D45RNY/147-2950104-0682848?psc=1)) ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/forest-pepper))\\
[[Piper hooglandii]]- An Australian island (Lord Howe Island) species that is reported to be used like Kavakava, it also has pungent berries. \\ 
[[Piper kadsura]]- Japanese pepper, leaves and fruits used as a bitter spice. \\ 
[[Piper marginatum]]- Anisi Wiwiri, Anise pepper, species grown in Suriname with leaves used for flavor use,described as similar to anise ((https://www.seedsdelmundo.com/product/piper-marginatum/)) \\ 
[[Piper methysticum]]- Kavakava, the roots and leaves are occasionally used as a spice. \\  
[[Piper mullesua]]- Assam pepper, ((https://www.terreexotique.com/poivre-d-assam.html)) \\ 
[[Piper nigrum]]- Black pepper \\ 
[[Piper retrofractum]]- Indonesian Long Pepper ((https://www.ebay.com/itm/Organic-Long-Pepper-javanese-Piper-Retrofractum-2-oz/274461680953))\\
Piper sanctum- Another name for Hoja Santa [[Piper auritum]]\\
[[Piper ribisioides]]- Pepper Root, Pepper wood, Chili Wood, the Roots and peppercorns of this Piper species are ground and used as a spice,. ((https://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/pi_piper.html)) \\ 
[[Piper sarmentosum]]- Lolot, the leaves are used as a spice in southeast asian cooking. \\ 
[[Piper longum]]- Long Pepper, pipli, the roots are called Ganthoda. \\

[[Pistacia lentiscus]]- Mastic, the resin with a strong turpentine like flavor. \\
[[Pistacia terebinthus]]- Turpentine, the original was made from the resin of this tree. \\ 
[[Pistacia vera]]- Pistachio \\ 

[[Platycodon grandiflorus]]- Doraji, Kikyō, Chinese Bellflower, the roots are used in Korea as a vegetable and for their pungent flavor. \\ 

[[Poliomintha incana]]- Frosted Mint, hoary rosemary-mint, Used as a flavoring spice by the Hopi as well as the Tewa. \\ 
[[Poliomintha longiflora]]- Oregano Indio, often called simply oregano in Mexico. \\ 

[[Polypodium glycyrrhiza]]- Licorice fern, sweet root, Contains a compound that is 500 times sweeter then sugar, has a bitter-sweet earthy flavor profile\\ 
[[Polypodium vulgare]]- Common Polypody, sweet root, described as similar to glycyrrhiza. \\ 

[[Populus balsamifera]]- Balsam Poplar, Hackmatack, Tacamahaca, The resinous leaves are used as a spice ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/balsam-poplar)) \\

[[Porophyllum gracile]]- Odora, Xtisil \\
[[Porophyllum leiocarpum]]- Yerba de Peo \\
[[Porophyllum linaria]]- Pipicha, Amazing complex flavor similar to cilantro with aster undertones, underappreciated \\
[[Porophyllum ruderale]]- Papalo, Amazing flavor similar to cilantro with herbal undertones similar to Rue. \\
[[Porophyllum scoparium]]- Yerba del Vinado \\ 

[[Pouteria sapota]]- Mamey Sapote, the seeds when dried have a strong almond (benzaldehyde) scent. \\

[[Premna odorata]]- Fragrant Premna, Alagaw, siargaw, saliargaw, an aromatic tree in the mint family. \\

[[Prostanthera]]- All species in this Australian genus have some amount of Piperitone in their leaves giving the plants a minty flavor. \\ 
[[Prostanthera cuneata]]- ((https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5MeCrEhum0))\\
[[Prostanthera incisa]]- Cut leaf mint bush \\ 
[[Prostanthera melissifolia]]- Balm mint bush \\ 
[[Prostanthera ovalifolia]]- ((https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5MeCrEhum0))\\
[[Prostanthera rotundifolia]]- round leaf mint bush ((https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5MeCrEhum0))\\

[[Prunus dulcis]]- Almonds \\ 
[[Prunus mahaleb]]- Mahaleb, can be compared in flavor to Tonka Beans. \\ 

[[Pseudowintera axillaris]]- Lowland horopito \\
[[Pseudowintera colorata]]- Mountain horopito, pepperwood tree, leaves and bark used in new Zealand for their pepper like [[piquant]].\\
[[Pseudowintera traversii]]- Travers horopito \\

[[Ptelea trifoliata]]- Hoptree, Skunkbush, Skunkash, Used as seasoning and as a replacement for hops in colonial America. \\
[[Ptelea crenulata]]- California Hoptree, described as similar to Ptelea trifoliata \\ 

[[Punica granatum]]- Pomegranate seeds. \\
[[Punica protopunica]]- Socotran pomegranate \\

[[Pycnanthemum pilosum]]- Mountain Mint \\ 
[[Pycnanthemum tenuifolium]]-\\
[[Pycnanthemum virginianum]]- \\ 

[[Pyropia]]- nori, almost every species is used to make nori or various flavoring uses. \\ 

===== Q =====
[[Quararibea funebris]]- Rosita de cacao- described as a complex floral flavor with notes of dried and candied fruits. Classically used for chocolate recipes ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/rosita-de-cacao)) \\ 
[[Quararibea turbinata]]- Swizzlestick, the aromatic bark and stems are used to make sticks to stir cocktails giving a similar effect as adding a drop of bitters. \\

[[Quercus emoryi]]- Sweet acorn \\ 

===== R =====
[[Rhamnus prinoides]]- Gesho, Geso, Shiny Leaf Buckthorn, Hops Stem (not botanically related), A embittering spice used in Ethiopia to flavor Tej a honey wine. \\

[[Ricinodendron heudelotii]]- Mongongo, Njangsa, The oily seeds are ground to a paste used to flavor dishes across west and tropical Africa. \\ 

[[Rosa acicularis]]- Prickly rose, arctic rose \\ 
[[Rosa × alba]]- \\
[[Rosa bracteata]]- \\
[[Rosa canina]]- Dog rose \\ 
[[Rosa × centifolia]]- Rose de Mai \\
[[Rosa chinensis]]- China Rose \\
[[Rosa damascena]]- Rose \\
[[Rosa gallica]]- Apothecary rose \\
[[Rosa odorata]]- Tea Scented Rose, a Chinese species of rose used to make an aromatic tea. \\ 
[[Rosa majalis]]- Cinnamon rose \\ 
[[Rosa moschata]]- Musk rose \\ 
[[Rosa nutkana]]-Wild rose, Nootka rose, bristly rose \\
[[Rosa primula]]- Incense rose \\ 
[[Rosa rubiginosa]]- Sweet briar, petals used to make tea \\
[[Rosa rugosa]]- Japanese rose, Rugosa rose, beach rose, used to make petal jam for its intense fragrance. \\ 

[[Rumex acetosa]]- Sorrel \\
[[Rumex acetosella]]- Red sorrel \\ 
[[Rumex arcticus]]- Actic Dock \\
[[Rumex crispus]]- Curly dock, also high in oxalic acid. \\
[[Rumex hastatulus]]- Questionably edible, high in oxalic acid. \\
[[Rumex hymenosepalus]]- \\
[[Rumex maritimus]]- \\
[[Rumex obtusifolius]]- Bitter Dock \\ 
[[Rumex occidentalis]]- Western dock \\
[[Rumex patientia]]- \\
[[Rumex sagittatus]]- Rambling dock \\
[[Rumex scutatus]]- French Sorrel \\
[[Rumex spinosus]]- \\
[[Rumex venosus]]- \\ 

[[Ruta graveolens]]- Rue, leaves are bitter and unique tasting, berries are peppery, a notably underappreciated spice ((constituents https://essential7.com/products/rue-essential-oil.html))\\ 
[[Ruta chalepensis]]- Fringed rue, Ethiopian rue, the leaves and berries are commonly used in Ethiopian cuisine ((https://www.davidvanille.com/en/rare-peppers/133-passion-fruit-pepper-ethiopia.html)) \\
===== S =====
Edible [[seaweed]], every species of Saccharina is edible. \\
[[Saccharina japonica]]- kombu \\
[[Saccharina latissima]]- sugar kelp \\

[[Salicornia sp.]]- Glasswort, Pickle Weed, Marsh Samphire, (seemingly) all species can be ground into a salty vegital powder. \\ 

[[Salix aegyptiaca]]- Pussywillow, Persian Willow, flowers, leaves, and bark are used as flavoring. Flower water described as similar to rose or violet with a wintergreen note. \\

[[Salvia apiana]]- White Sage, Incense Sage \\ 
[[Salvia divinorum]]- Deviners Sage, Hallucinogenic but also used as a flavoring in liqueur.\\ 
[[Salvia fruticosa]]- Greek Sage, a common adulterant is sage seasoning mixes, often compared to common sage \\ 
[[Salvia hispanica]]- Chia \\ 
[[Salvia jurisicii]]- Stepp Sage, Macedonian Sage, Jurisic Sage, flavor profile is comparable to common sage. \\
[[Salvia officinalis]]- Sage, Garden sage, Common Sage \\ 
[[Salvia miltiorrhiza]]- Likely the leaves can be used as a spice ((http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rs1678031.html))\\
[[Salvia pratensis]]- Meadow Clary, Meadow Sage \\
[[Salvia rosmarinus]]- Rosemary, recently changed name from [[Rosmarinus officinalis]]. \\ 
[[Salvia sclarea]]- Clary Sage \\
[[Salvia yangii]]- Perovskia Atriplicifolia, Russian Sage, used in salads and as a vodka flavor. \\

[[Sanguisorba canadensis]]- Canadian burnet \\
[[Sanguisorba minor]]- Salad Burnet, described as having a cucumber like flavor \\
[[Sanguisorba officinalis]] \\ 

[[Santalum acuminatum]]- Desert quandong, uniquely this species is not used for its wood but instead for its flavorful fruit and edible seeds which are used as nuts similar to spicatum. \\
[[Santalum album]]- The primary species of sandalwood, which most other species are compared. deeply woody-powdery. \\ 
[[Santalum austrocaledonicum]]- Dark, similar to Australian sandalwood but with musky overtones. \\ 
[[Santalum ellipticum]]- ʻIliahialoʻe, a species of Hawaiian sandalwood, considered the best sandalwood int he world, sweet and powdery. \\ 
[[Santalum fernandezianum]]- Chilean Sandalwood, believed extinct from over harvesting of its aromatic wood. \\ 
[[Santalum freycinetianum]]- ʻIliahi, a species of Hawaiian sandalwood, considered inferior to ellipticum. \\ 
[[Santalum spicatum]]- Australian sandalwood, My favorite species, darker, woodier, and wetter tasting, much rougher then album. The seeds are used as a nut. \\ 


[[Sassafras albidum]]- Sassafras \\ 

[[Satureja hortensis]]- Summer savory \\ 
[[Satureja thymbra]]- Savory of Crete, Roman Hyssop, sometimes considered the origin of the word Zaatar. \\ 
[[Satureja montana]]- Winter savory \\

[[Schinus molle]]- Peruvian pink pepper Tree, often called California pink pepper \\
[[Schinus terebinthifolius]]- Brazilian pink pepper tree, often called California pink pepper \\

[[Schisandra chinensis]]- Five flavor berry, 雞蛋花, fruits have an unusual sweet spicy flavor. \\ 

[[Sedum acre]]- goldmoss stonecrop, leaves have a large amount of piperidine in them. \\ 
[[Sedum divergens]] \\
[[Sedum reflexum]]- Reflexed stonecrop \\

[[Sesamum indicum]]- Sesame seeds. \\ 

[[Sinapis alba]]- White Mustard, one of two primary seed used to make mustard pastes. \\ 

[[Smilax aristolochiifolia]]- Mexican Sarsaparilla, Zarzaparilla, Cocolmeca, Alambrilla, described as sweet bitter \\
[[Smilax aspera]]- Mediterranean Sarsaparilla \\
[[Smilax china]]- Chinaroot, Chinese Sarsaparilla, used in Chinese medicine and as a flavorant. \\
[[Smilax glyciphylla]]- Sweet Sarsaparilla, Australian Sarsaparilla, \\
[[Smilax ornata]]- Sarsaparilla, Jamaican Sarsaparilla, Also called Smilax regelii, this is the most common form used in beverages around the world. \\ 

[[Smyrnium olusatrum]]- Alexanders, described as an intermediate between celery and parsley, the berries are notable as having a unique flavor similar to truffles ((https://www.terreexotique.com/alexanders.html)) \\ 

[[Solanum centrale]]- Australian bush tomato \\ 

[[Sorghum bicolor]]- Massambala, Brooncorn, Karrir-corn, Leaves are used as a spice and red colorant in Ghana.\\

[[Stachys affinis]]- Chinese artichoke, Japanese artichoke, knotroot, roots are eaten, frequently picked as a garnish. \\ 
[[Stachys arvensis]]- Field Woundwort, Along with [[Stachys sylvatica]] was used by the romans for various medicinal uses. \\
[[Stachys byzantina]]- Lamb's-ear,  \\
[[Stachys floridana]]- Florida Betony, used in a similar manner to [[Stachys affinis]]\\
[[Stachys officinalis]]- Common Hedgenettle, Betony, comes from a history of medicinal use, now sued to make teas. \\ 
[[Stachys palustris]]- Marsh Woundwort, used similar to [[Stachys arvensis]], leaves are eaten as salad seasoning. \\ 
[[Stachys sylvatica]]- Hedge Woundwort, Whitespot \\

[[Stevia rebaudiana]]- Stevia, Sweetleaf, leaves contain the glycosides stevioside and rebaudioside which taste sweet. \\

[[Strobilanthes crispa]]- Likely edible and flavorful, described as peach like. \\
[[Strobilanthes menglaensis]]- Cha Tou herb, 糯米香, added to chinese tea to impart a buttery-pandan like flavor synonym of Semnostachya Menglaensis ((https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16277417/)) ((https://teamedicineblog.wordpress.com/2018/09/17/cha-tou-review/)) ((https://www.teasenz.com/chinese-tea/what-is-sticky-rice-pu-erh-tea-nuo-mi-xiang-cha.html))
[[Strobilanthes tonkinensis]]- May be the same species as menglaensis ((Takes digging search for aroma http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF19/Strobilanthes.pdf)) ((https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452316X17300868))

[[Syzygium anisatum]]- Anise Myrtle, an Australian spice. \\ 
[[Syzygium aromaticum]]- Cloves, the flower buds, berries, bark and leaves all can be used for spices. \\ 
[[Syzygium polyanthum]]- Indonesian Bay Leaf, \\


===== T =====
[[Tagetes lucida]]- Mexican tarragon \\ 
[[Tagetes limonii]]- \\ 

[[Tamarindus indica]]- Tamarind \\ 

[[Tamarix ramosissima]]- Salt Cedar, Tamarck, A salty herbaceous powder can be made by grinding the dried leaves \\

[[Tanacetum annuum]]- Blue Tansy, rank and bitter in flavor, resembling many Artemisia species. \\
[[Tanacetum balsamita]]- Costmary, described as pungent and oregano like. \\ 
[[Tanacetum camphoratum]]- Camphor Tansy, Dune Tansy, \\
[[Tanacetum cinerariifolium]]- Contains pyrethroid, which causes contact dermatitis, edibility unknown. \\
[[Tanacetum parthenium]]- Feverfew, described as chamomile like. \\
[[Tanacetum vulgare]]- Tansy, Bitter Buttons, a bitter aster like flavor. \\ 

[[Tasmannia insipida]]- Brush Pepperbush, \\
[[Tasmannia lanceolata]]- Mountain Pepperbush, Tasmanian pepper, has safrole and Polygodial, which is a piquant compound\\
[[Tasmannia stipitata]]- Dorrigo Pepperbush, described as woody-cinnamon ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmannia_stipitata#cite_note-3))\\
[[Tasmannia xerophila]]- Alpine Pepperbush \\

[[Teucrium canadense]]- American Germander, Canadian Germander, \\
[[Teucrium chamaedrys]]- Wall Germander, an important ingredient in Venice treacle. \\ 
[[Teucrium marum]]- Cat Thyme, Kitty Crack, this species is highly attractive to cats. \\
[[Teucrium polium]]- Felty Germander \\

[[Thelesperma filifolium]]- Navajo tea, stiff greenthread \\
[[Thelesperma megapotamicum]]- Navajo tea, rayless greenthread ((https://web.archive.org/web/20080509161539/http://medplant.nmsu.edu/thelesperma.shtm))\\ 

[[Thlaspi arvense]]- Penneycress, member of the mustard family, its leaves and seeds have a peppery-mustard flavor. \\ 

[[Thymbra capitatus]]- Conehead thyme, Persian Hyssop, Spanish Oregano \\
[[Thymbra spicata]]- Spike Thyme, also historically called Zaatar. \\

[[Thymus capitatus]]- Hyssop Thyme, historic records also call this the source of Zaatar.\\
[[Thymus × citriodorus]]- Lemon thyme \\
[[Thymus herba-barona]]- Caraway Thyme \\ 
[[Thymus pannonicus]]- Eurasian thyme, Hungarian thyme. \\ 
[[Thymus praecox]]- Creeping thyme \\ 
[[Thymus pulegioides]]- Lemon thyme, interestingly the lemon scented thyme is another species. \\ 
[[Thymus serpyllum]]- Serpolet, Breckland Thyme, the flowers are used for their strong scent. \\
[[Thymus thracicus]]- lavender thyme \\ 
[[Thymus vulgaris]]- Thyme, Common thyme \\
[[Thymus zygis]]- This species is the main source of Thyme essential oil, It has 4 chemotypes that have high quantities of thymol, linalool, carvacrol, and geraniol. \\

[[Torreya grandis]]- Chinese Nutmeg Yew, though in the yew subsection of conifers, it has edible seeds and arils that are described as nutmeg-bergamot like\\ 

[[Trachyspermum ammi]]- Ajwain, Thyme-Oregano like with a small amount of anise like flavor, very strong \\ 
[[Trachyspermum roxburghianum]]- Radhuni, a close relative to ajwain that is more parsley-celery like used in a similar manner. \\ 

[[Trigonella caerulea]]- Blue Fenugreek. \\ 
[[Trigonella foenum-graecum]]- Fenugreek \\ 

[[Tropaeolum majus]]- Nasturtium, all parts including seeds have a spicy horseradish/ mustard like flavor. Flowers are commonly used as a decoration for food.  \\
[[Tropaeolum tuberosum]]- Mashua, The tubers are eaten as a starchy vegetable and retain some of the sharp characteristic flavor of the genus. \\

[[Turnera diffusa]]- described as spicy, fig like and also chamomile like. A relative of passionfruit from Mexico and southwestern united states\\ 
===== U =====
[[Umbellularia californica]]- California Bay, a unique an indispensable spice. \\ 

===== V =====
[[Valeriana celtica]]- Alpine Valerian, Spikenard Valerian, a highly aromatic valerian species from Italy and Austria, used in perfumery. \\
[[Valeriana edulis]]- Tobacco Root, Edible Valerian, its strongly scented roots are steamed for long periodsof time to mute the aroma and than eaten \\
[[Valeriana jatamansi]]- Indian Valerian, Chinese Valerian, also called Valeriana wallichii, this species is used as a replacement for Valerian essential oil. \\ 
[[Valeriana officinalis]]- Valerian, roots have a strong musky aroma and flavor \\
[[Valeriana sitchensis]]- Described as milder in scent than other species, the roots are eaten as an aromatic vegetable. \\ 

[[Valerianella locusta]]- Cornsalad, Mache, leaves have a unique musky nutty aroma and flavor, closely related to Valerian. \\

[[Vanilla planifolia]]- Common vanilla, the main species used commercially to make vanilla \\
[[Vanilla pompona]]- This is another species used to make commercial vanilla. \\ 
[[Vanilla odorata]]- unkown if this species makes pods that are flavorful, but it is present in the tahitensis cross. \\ 
[[Vanilla tahitensis]]- likely a cross between Vanilla planifolia and Vanilla odorata, names after Tahiti where it is commercially grown. ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_tahitensis)) \\ 

[[Verbascum blattaria]]- Moth Mullein, described at having a strong menthol flavor \\ 
[[Verbascum phlomoides]]- Orange Mullein \\ 
[[Verbascum phoeniceum]]- Purple Mullein \\ 
[[Verbascum sinuatum]]- Scallop Leafed Mullein, The flowers are used to flavor aperitifs \\ 
[[Verbascum thapsus]]- Great Mullein, leaves and flowers used to flavor alcohol\\


[[Vertebrata lanosa]]- Icelandic Truffleweed, Wrack syphon weed, Dried and used as a spice that resmebles curry powder and truffles. ((https://gallowaywildfoods.com/the-wracks-edibility-identification-distribution/)) \\ 

[[Viburnum lentago var fragrans]]- Sweet vibernum, Nannyberry, the leaves have a woody violet like scent to them. ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/nannyberry)) \\ 

[[Viola odorata]]- sweet violet, pansy, the flowers have an intense and unique floral flavor to them, the leaves have an intense earthy vegetal flavor. \\
[[Viola tricolor]]- wild pansy, leaves are like that of odorata, flowers have a more mellow vanilla like flavor. \\ 

[[Virola elongata]]- Virola, a spice related to nutmeg \\
[[Virola sebifera]]- Virola, a spice related to nutmeg \\

[[Vitex agnus-castus]]- Chaste, Vitex, Monksberry, this is another unique spice that is underappreciated. \\ 


===== W =====
[[Warburgia salutaris]]- Pepper bark, a South African species that is reported to taste similar to cinnamon but quite bitter. \\ 
[[Warburgia ugandensis]]- The leaves are used in Uganda to spice food, described as similar to curry leaves \\ 

[[Wasabia japonica]]- Wasabi, a member of the mustard family with a unique, easily perishable, spice made from the roots. \\ 

[[Wurfbainia villosa]]- Often mis-attributed as Amomum villosum. Called Xiang Sha Ren (香砂仁) in Chinese herbology. Is closer to the genus Alpinia then Amomum, and uniquely has ridged pods. \\ 
===== X =====

[[Xylopia aethiopica]]- Selim pepper, Grains of Selim \\ 
[[Xylopia striata]]- also called Selim, categorized by larger seed pods. \\ 

[[Xymalos monospora]]- Lemonwood, a relative to Boldo from southern Africa. \\ 
===== Y =====


===== Z =====
[[Zingiber barbatum]]- Meik-thalin \\ 
[[Zingiber cassumunar]]- Plai, the plai I have tried is mango like and very herbal, one other account calls it camphorous and spicy, which mine was not.  ((https://www.whitelotusaromatics.com/product/plai-essential-oil)) ((https://www.floridaforaging.com/plant/zingiber-montanum))\\
[[Zingiber montanum]]- Plai, this species may be different then the one I have, being described at camphorous and spicy. ((https://www.floridaforaging.com/plant/zingiber-montanum)) \\
[[Zingiber mioga]]- Myoga, Yangha, Ranghe, the young flowers are eaten fresh and pickled, Exceptional and unique in flavor. \\ 
[[Zingiber officinale]]- Red Ginger. \\ 
[[Zingiber ottensii]]- Black Plai, questionably edible ((https://www.floridaforaging.com/plant/zingiber-ottensii)) \\
[[Zingiber spectabile]]- described as 'medicinal' \\ 
[[Zingiber zerumbet]]- Shampoo Ginger, Awapuhi, a Hawaiian ginger species whose flowers are used for perfumery. The bitter leaves and rhizomes are also used for spicing foods. \\ 

[[Zanthoxylum acanthopodium]]- Andaliman, batak \\
[[Zanthoxylum americanum]]- American Prickly Ash, Pepperwood, much like the Asian counterparts the fruits give a numbing sensation with complex citrus notes. ((https://spicetrekkers.com/products/spices/prickly-ash-pepper)) \\
[[Zanthoxylum armatum]]- Green Sichuan pepper, Timut, Timur \\
[[Zanthoxylum bungeanum]]- Red Sichuan pepper, prickly ash, \\
[[Zanthoxylum fagara]]- wild lime, unusual in that the powdered bark is used as a spice. ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_pepper))\\ 
[[Zanthoxylum gilletii]]- Uzazi sometimes also called Zanthoxylum tessmannii\\
[[Zanthoxylum piperitum]]- Sansho, Chopi, Japanese pepper \\
[[Zanthoxylum rhetsa]]- Teppal, Ma Khaen \\
[[Zanthoxylum schinifolium]]- Sancho, Korean pepper \\
[[Zanthoxylum simulans]]- Taiwan pepper \\

[[Ziziphora clinopodioides]]- Blue Mountain Mint, this species contains large amounts of [[pulegone]] in its essential oil, a toxic monoterpene, and it is not recommended for consumption. ((https://curiospice.com/products/ziziphora-armenian)) ((https://www.ancientpurity.com/ziziphora-essential-oil))\\

[[Zygogynum howeanum]]- Hotbark \\