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--- conifers [2021/02/01 10:57] – mete
+++ conifers [2021/02/01 12:32] (current) – [Edibility] mete
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 Previously listed here was cedrol, which causes skin sensitization, but is not in fact toxic to consume. ((https://www.femaflavor.org/flavor-library/cedar-leaf-oil-thuja-occidentalis-l))
 Cedrol is named after cedar, is photo toxic and sensitizing, it is regulated and limited in its use in some essential oils. There exists some isolates, like cedarwood terpenes that avoids this issue by solely isolating out the cedrol, which unsafe for some perfumery use, and as a consequence offers the flavor profile of a cedar without the cedrol present.
+==Isocupressic Acid==
+Isocupressic Acid has been shown to induce abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy in cattle. This exotic wood acid is present in 4 species of pine, the Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), the Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi), and possibly in the Monterey pine (Pinus radiata). There have been no connections made with the effects this has on humans, but there has also been little overall research done on the acid in general. ((http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1429551.html)) Consuming any of these species while pregnant is not recommended.
 ===What makes conifers unpalatable? ===
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 ====Edibility====
 Below I will list conifers that are generally edible and which parts of them are commonly used. This list will have some complications as different conifers have different aspects of usability.
+===Araucana===
+As far as I understand no species of Araucana have edible foliage or bark (()), but the nuts of many are often considered prime. The foliage of Araucanas does not have any notable scent and is unlikely to have distinct flavor. There is some evidence that Araucaria bark also contains isocupressic acid. ((http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1429551.html)).
 ===Cedars===
-As far as I know all cedars, and all parts contain thujone.
-Thuja occidentalis has edible cones ((https://foragerchef.com/mugolio-pine-cone-syrup/)) ((https://foragerchef.com/cedar-cones/)),
+==Genus Thuja==
+As far as I know all Thuja cedars, and all parts contain thujone. \\
+the inner bark of Thuja plicata and occidentalis is edible ((https://www.americanforests.org/magazine/article/edible-trees-foraging-food-forests/)) \\
+It would appear that the young cones and needles of Thuja are edible as well. \\
+Thuja occidentalis has edible cones ((https://foragerchef.com/mugolio-pine-cone-syrup/)) ((https://foragerchef.com/cedar-cones/)) \\
+Thuja plicata \\
+==Genus Cedrus==
+I can find relatively little information about the edibility of old world cedars (genus Cedrus). There are 4 species in total, and It appears the essential oils from these species is edible, but there is little information online of any parts that are commonly eaten.
+===Furs===
+All species in the genus Abies are edible
 ===Junipers===
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 All species of Pinus are edible to some degree. \\
-Pinus mugo- All parts are edible, with young needles and cones being palatable. Cones are commonly preserved in sugar syrup and able to be eaten directly. ((https://foragerchef.com/mugolio-pine-cone-syrup/))
+Pinus mugo- All parts are edible, with young needles and cones being palatable. Cones are commonly preserved in sugar syrup and able to be eaten directly. ((https://foragerchef.com/mugolio-pine-cone-syrup/))\\
+Pinus koraiensis- Korean Pine, has edible nuts considered to be choice. \\
+Pinus pinea- Italian stone pine , has edible nuts considered to be choice. This species also has a very pleasant tasting essential oil. \\
+Pinus edulis- Pinyon pine, this species has nuts considered to be choice, Ths species produces an essential oil that is superb. \\
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 All parts of every species in the genus Taxus are highly poisonous and toxic to eat. This is due to the presence of taxine alkaloids, a whole class of toxic alkaloids which are present in varying amounts in yews. There are some accounts that the fleshy red cones (but not the seeds) are edible in the species Taxus baccata, but I did not find sufficient evidence to support claiming they are edible. I would avoid eating the cones and any other part of any species of yew unless more convincing evidence is presented.
+All parts of plants in the genus Podocarpus, often called yews, are also toxic. The fleshy cones on some species is also reported as edible, but again, lack sufficient evidence to be recommended.
+====NOTES====
+Abstract on the effect of breathing conifer dust ((https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0091674989900730))