propagating_citrus [Botanical Flavor Index]

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=====Definitions=====
Lets start by discussing some specific terms that are used when propagating plants. These are very general terms but it is best to have an understanding of what they mean before starting. 
==Budwood/Scion==
 This is the material that is used to make grafts. It is a short section of a thin branch that has several buds on it, this branch segment is called a scion. A bud is located at the base of a leaf, and will be the tissue that enables a plant to grow new branches. When a scion is used it can be grafted as one piece, or each individual bud on the scion can be cut off and grafted. \\
==Rootstock== 
A plant that is used for the strength and compatibility of its roots and not for its fruit. Specific rootstocks can have drastically different properties to them. They can be used to produce large and healthy trees for orchards and also specific rootstocks can be chosen to produce miniature trees for home gardening. A specific cultivar is grafted onto the rootstock to produce a healthy and productive fruit tree. \\
==Rooting Hormone== 
A powder or liquid that contains plant hormones that promote cuttings to root. Most also contain a fungicide to help prevent rot. Rooting Hormones allow some plants that cannot root on their own to be rooted and propagated. \\
==Cultivar== 
A specific variety of plant that has been bred, generally this has complex parentage of different species. For example all Valencia Oranges are the same cultivar. Cultivars are grafted onto a rootstock to produce healthy productive trees. When growing a cultivar, all plants of that cultivar are clones of one another with the same genetics. When a fruit with consistent properties is grown commercially it is generally a cultivar with exceptional properties that is widely grown. \\ 

=====Easiest to Most Difficult Methods=====
By far the easiest way to propagate citrus is to have someone else do it for you, later in this guide you will see various ways to pick out citrus varieties and how to determine which will be best to grow for your tastes and growing conditions. Once you choose varieties of citrus you might want to grow, you can always check to see if they are available from a local nursery or one that will ship to you. 

If you decide to graft citrus there are a number of ways to go about the process, with varying degrees of difficulty and complexity involved. The simplest method is to buy a commercial rootstock that is the correct size and comparable with the citrus you want to grow and to do a Z Graft or a Bud Graft onto this rootstock. You can also choose to grow your own rootstock from seed or to root rootstock scionwood that is offered from the same sources as the budwood you will use for grafting. It is easier to first root the rootstock and to later graft onto it when it has grown to a larger size. The most common method for grafting citrus commercially is to graft a rootstock scionwood and the desired fruit variety at the same time and to root the rootstock as the graft heals. This method is by far the most difficult to do at home, and represents a small time commitment but likely a low success rate.

Much of the information on this page is sourced from fruitmentor. His youtube channel has a wealth of detailed knowledge on grafting citrus and most of the videos on this page are his. Additionally I recommend reading his grafting guide on his website [[https://fruitmentor.com/growing-citrus-cuttings|here]]

=====Acquiring Scionwood/Budwood=====
In California the only way to acquire graftable material is through the Citrus Clonal Protection Program known as the CCPP. This program has a large collection of different citrus varieties, from historic cultivars, citrus species from the wild, and citrus rootstocks. 

The CCPP has two catalogs-

The first collection is public and represents citrus that have had their commercial protections expired, were developed though publicly funded programs, or that are historic varieties and wild species. This collection is the one that is accessible to the backyard gardener, and the one recommended in this guide. 

The second collection is that of commercially grown citrus that are still under some kind of protection and are not publicly available. This does not represent all of the commercially grown citrus but instead is mostly made up of new and highly profitable varieties. These citrus cannot be purchased from the CCPP expect by licensed growers. Varieties from this list can sometimes be found to buy at commercial nurseries who have licensed rights to the variety, and will be in a state that is ready to be planted (and far less work than anything listed in this guide). 

It is important to note that the protected varieties at the CCPP do not represent citrus that are somehow superior to grow. In most cases the commercial varieties are the ones that are best suited to commercial growing-- ones which have high yields, are easy to grow in an orchard setting, have consistent fruit size and shape, can to be transported without bruising and which fruit has a long shelf life. Many of the features are irrelevant to the home grower and the publicly available varieties can often be superior in flavor and quality, but lack many of the traits needed to be grown efficiently in mass and are therefor not used commercially. 
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Here is a list of the heritage citrus varieties that the CCPP has [[https://ccpp.ucr.edu/onlineOrdersV2/index.php/PublicListOrderingBudwood/Screenhouse|available]]  

To create an account for the CCPP you can read the disclaimer and click on the accept button and register on [[https://ccpp.ucr.edu/onlineOrdersV2/#agreement|this page]] 
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Here is a video introduction to the CCPP, with some excellent footage of the clonal program and how they make disease free citrus trees. Note that you no longer need to email the program to set up an account, it can now all be done through their website. 
{{youtube>PqEgzSsEgNo}}

===Picking Varieties===

When looking at the [[https://ccpp.ucr.edu/onlineOrdersV2/index.php/PublicListOrderingBudwood/Screenhouse|catalog]] on the CCPP website the amount of citrus available can be daunting. I recommend looking at the citrus one category at a time. It is much easier to focus on only one type of citrus at a time and compare the properties of the varieties. There are also many exotic citrus on the list. The best sense you can gain about them is to read the descriptions and I also recommend googling that kind of citrus and see if anyone has written about how they taste of about growing it. 

====Picking out Rootstock====
The rootstock i recommend using the most at home is the  [[https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/CRC3330A|Flying Dragon Trifoliate]] rootstock. This rootstock produces a highly dwarfed tree. This may sound counterintuitive at first, but it makes for a tree of manageable size and height for home growing. It is especially useful if you do not want to only grow one kind of citrus at home. With dwarfed trees a far smaller footprint is taken up by each tree and three different citrus trees can be grown in the same footprint that a orchard sized tree would ordinarily take up. 

[[https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/crc2863|Carrizo Citrange]] is highly recommended cultivar because of its high compatibility with a large amount of citrus, but it well known for producing very large trees.

[[https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/crc3912|C-35 Citrange]] also has excellent compatibility with most citrus and produces medium trees about 25% smaller than Carrizo and 50% larger than Flying Dragon. 

==Lemon and Lime Specific==
[[https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/crc3050|Volkamer Lemon]]- this cultivar produces very healthy lemon and lime trees that grow vigorously and fruit quickly and the rootstock has very good compatibility with all lime and lemon varieties. It has fair compatibility with all other citrus but is known to produce smaller yields. 

[[https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/crc3488|Yuma Ponderosa Lemon]]- excellent compatibility with lemons and limes, notable for producing high quality fruits. Has only fair-acceptable compatibility with other citrus. 




===Rooting Rootstock===
Rootstocks behave differently and some root more readily than others. Lemon and Lime rootstocks are the easiest to root, only requiring rooting hormone and moist soil to be rooted and easily rooting even when kept outdoors. Unfortunately Flying Dragon is a difficult to root rootstock. Flying dragon demands a good amount of warmth and consistent conditions on top of being in a moist soil with rooting hormone. Flying Dragon can take several months to root and is best started in the spring and kept in a sun room or greenhouse to maintain high humidity and air moisture. More information can be read lower under [[propagating_citrus#rooting_cuttings|Rooting Cuttings]].

To root a rootstock it is best to take a segment of budwood and to cut off the lower end to expose a fresh wound. Apply rooting hormone to the wound and place the rootstock into damp soil. Soils like rockwool, coco fibre and sphagnum moss are the best choices. While rooting citrus like to be kept in a warm (80*F) and humid environment. These ideal conditions are best produced in a sun room or greenhouse. It is also to produce favorable conditions inside a house nest to a window and by keeping the potted segments in a transparent plastic container. It is wise to buy several scions to use for rooting rootstock and to expect less than a 100% success rate. 

=====Grafting=====

====Bud Grafts====
Bug grafts more specifically chip bud grafts can all at once be a really easy and a difficult way to graft. They involve cutting off a bud from the scionwood you want to use and placing it over a bud that has been cut off of a rootstock. This method is difficult because it requires precise cuts and careful handling of the bud material, but is very easy because it is intuitive and requires more simplistic cuts than Z rafts do. It has a number of advantages because the graft is very small and heals easily and allows for multiple grafts to be easily made onto one rootstock, allowing for one tree to grow several kinds of citrus on it. 
{{youtube>l1HSOy-3JGU?t=61}}

====Z Grafts====

===Z Grafting onto an established rootstock=== 
This is the easiest way to do a Z graft and has a high rate of success. You will need a existing rootstock that is well established to do this graft. 
{{youtube>7msNCYZ19Ug}}

===Z Grafting two budwood segments together and rooting them- all in one process=== 
This graft is the same as the Z Graft above, but in addition to making the Z Graft, the rootstock will also be a piece of budwood that needs to be rooted. Rooting will also be the same method as rooting citrus budwood as listed above. 

The advantage of using this method is that it uses budwood pieces that can be bought together from the CCPP and also that it is done in one step, allowing for everything to be done from just one order from the CCPP. 
{{youtube>fY0wskA9IGY}} 
=====Simple Propagating=====


====Air Layering====
Air Layering is a way to duplicate an existing citrus tree. This process works especially well on lime trees and relatives. The process is very simple, it involves cutting (wounding) the bark off of a section of green wood- thin new growth stems where the bark is still green in color and are able to easily bend without much resistance or risk of the stems braking. After the bark is cut off part of the xylem below it is scraped and a rooting compound is applied. Then this superficial wound is wrapped in damp soil or sphagnum moss and tightly wrapped in plastic to retain moisture. After one to two months roots will form and the stem can be cut and transplanted. 
{{youtube>xpOPAsgMgJA}}

====Rooting Cuttings====
Using new growth or young growth where there is green wood sections of the stems can be rooted as long as they have more than 5 nodes and still have leaves on them. The process is straightforward and involves cutting off the young growth, removing all but the two newest leaves and than trimming the edge of the stem. These stem edges are coated in rooting hormone and than placed into a damp well draining soil. The cuttings are allowed to acclimate in a small moisture chamber made out of plastic until new roots have grown. 
{{youtube>FE0-Z5Fw4NI}} 


=====NOTES=====
I apologize if the terminology is super basic and if it seems like im explaining things that are easily already known, I just want the guide to be as comprehensive to the beginner as possible.

I previously discussed a specific citrus with some people before writing this article, it can be found below.- \\ 
Example citrus (Shiranui mandarin) ((https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/crc4249)) ((https://www.tomorrowsharvest.com/store/shiranui-mandarin.html))  \\